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Narrator: On a sunny
March afternoon in 1933,
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a German businessman
and his family
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went for a stroll
in the center of Frankfurt.
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Otto Frank snapped a picture
of his wife, Edith,
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and their two daughters...
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Margot, 7 years old,
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and Annelies, just 3.
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Otto's ancestors
had lived in Germany
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since the 16th century.
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Merchants and bankers,
they were not
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particularly observant Jews.
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Otto, a proud officer
in the Great War,
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was a patriotic German.
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But in January of 1933,
Adolf Hitler had come to power
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and everything had begun
rapidly to change.
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Jews, Hitler charged,
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were "parasites," not Germans.
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Nazi thugs roamed
the Frankfurt streets,
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beating anyone they thought
was Jewish.
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Most of the Franks'
Gentile friends fell away.
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Their landlord insisted
they find other quarters.
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Margot was made to sit apart
from her classmates in school.
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Man as Frank: The world
around me had collapsed.
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When most of the people
of my country
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turned into hordes of
nationalistic, cruel,
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antisemitic criminals,
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I had to face the consequences,
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and though this hurt me deeply,
I realized that
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Germany was not the world,
and I left forever.
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Narrator: By the time Otto
Frank photographed his family,
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he and Edith were already
planning to move
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to Amsterdam in the Netherlands.
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By early 1934,
they would be living in
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a spacious, sunny apartment
in the city's River Quarter,
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alongside hundreds of other
Jewish families from Germany.
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They would eventually try to seek a
safe haven in the United States,
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only to find, like countless
others fleeing Nazism,
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that most Americans
did not want to let them in.
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[Gulls squawking]
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[Ship's horn blows]
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Woman: Here at our sea-washed,
sunset gates shall stand
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a mighty woman with
a torch, whose flame
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is the imprisoned lightning,
and her name
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Mother of Exiles.
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From her beacon-hand
glows world-wide welcome;
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her mild eyes command
the air-bridged harbor
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that twin cities frame.
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"Keep, ancient lands,
your storied pomp!"
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cries she with silent lips.
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"Give me your tired, your poor,
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"your huddled masses
yearning to breathe free,
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"the wretched refuse
of your teeming shore.
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"Send these, the homeless,
tempest-tost to me,
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I lift my lamp
beside the golden door!"
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Emma Lazarus.
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Narrator: In 1883,
Emma Lazarus,
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the descendant of
Portuguese Jews
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who had fled the Inquisition
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and found sanctuary in Manhattan
before the American Revolution,
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had written a poem expressing
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what the Statue of Liberty
meant to her.
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But a few years later,
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Thomas Bailey Aldrich,
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a writer whose family had also
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lived in America
since colonial times,
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wrote another poem
warning of what he believed
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would happen to his country if
the golden door remained open.
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Man as Aldrich: Wide open
and unguarded stand our gates,
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and through them presses
a wild, motley throng.
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In street and alley what
strange tongues are these,
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accents of menace
alien to our air,
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voices that once
the Tower of Babel knew!
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O Liberty, white Goddess!
Is it well
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to leave the gates unguarded?
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Man: I think Americans
have a very hard time deciding
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what kind of country
they want to have.
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We all tend to think
of the United States
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as this country with
the Statue of Liberty poem,
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"Give me your tired,
your poor."
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But in fact, exclusion of
people and shutting them out
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has been as American
as apple pie.
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Man:
All of my grandparents are
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immigrants from Eastern Europe
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except one grandmother
was born here.
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So, I've sort of grew up
haunted by stories of,
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as they used to say,
the old country.
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Haunted by this story of
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my grandfather's brother
and his family,
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living in a provincial town
in Eastern Poland,
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and then they disappeared.
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All you think about is that
they had been consumed by this
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conflagration that consumed
all of Europe.
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Narrator: When Nazi rule began
in 1933,
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there were 9 million
Jews in Europe.
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12 years later, when the
Second World War ended in 1945,
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at least two out of every 3
of them had been murdered.
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Mendelsohn: It's not so easy
to put the picture together,
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the real scale of
what happened to people.
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It is unbelievable.
It boggles the imagination.
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You don't know what
6 million people looks like.
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Narrator: As the catastrophe
of what would come to be called
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the Holocaust unfolded,
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Americans heard
about Nazi persecutions
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of Jews and others on the radio,
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read about it in
their newspapers and magazines,
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and glimpsed it in newsreels.
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Some Americans responded
by denouncing the Nazis,
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marching in protest,
and boycotting German goods.
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Individual Americans
performed heroic acts
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to save individual Jews.
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Some government officials
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battled red tape and bigotry
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to bring Jewish refugees
to America.
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In the end,
the United States admitted
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some 225,000 refugees
from Nazi terror,
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more than any other
sovereign nation took in.
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And by defeating Nazi Germany
on the battlefield,
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the United States,
Great Britain,
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the Soviet Union,
and their allies
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stopped the killing of the
surviving Jewish people in Europe.
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But during the years when
escape was still possible,
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the American people and their
government proved unwilling
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to welcome more than
a fraction of
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the hundreds of thousands of
desperate people seeking refuge.
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Woman: The Holocaust
disrupts any idea
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that we have of good and evil,
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of right and wrong.
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This is a story in which
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everyone is challenged
all the time.
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We are challenged as Americans.
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We're challenged as parents,
as children.
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We're challenged
as neighbors and as friends
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to think about what
we would have done,
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what we could have done,
what we should have done,
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and even though the Holocaust
physically took place in Europe,
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it is a story that Americans
have to reckon with, too.
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Man: We tell ourselves
stories as a nation.
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One of the stories
we tell ourselves is that
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we're a land of immigrants.
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But in moments of crisis,
it becomes very hard for us
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to live up to those stories.
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I think the impetus
should not then be
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to wag your finger
at people in the past
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and think that we're
somehow superior to them,
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but to struggle to understand
why that's such a tension
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between having
a humanitarian ideal
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and then living up to it
on the ground.
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Woman: Part of our
national mythology is that
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we are a good people,
we are a democracy,
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and we are a democracy,
and in our better moments,
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we are very good people.
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But that's not all there is
to this story,
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and I think if we're going to
congratulate ourselves
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on our democracy,
which I think we should,
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we also need to face up
to the other side.
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Woman 2: In the past few years,
I've begun to wonder
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how serious America's
commitment to looking at
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some of the dark marks
in its history really is.
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How can we learn from the past?
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Where did we go wrong?
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How can we not go wrong
the next time?
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And I think while there is
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much we can be proud of
of this country,
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the episode of America
and the Holocaust
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is not one that
redounds to our credit.
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Man: How did America
treat its potential refugees?
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The refugees,
they lost their lives
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because those doors...
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The golden door
was not wide open.
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[Birds chirping]
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[Horse neighs]
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Narrator: For centuries,
America had
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mostly open borders.
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Peoples from Europe
and the Far East were let in...
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And at least tolerated...
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As workers, farmers,
soldiers, and pioneers
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needed to conquer a continent
and build a nation.
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Irvin Painter: This is
the good side of us,
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the open side of us.
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We want
to welcome working people.
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The other side of that is
Native American genocide,
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Native Americans being pushed
out of their lands.
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And then there's also
the involuntary immigrants,
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the Africans who were
transported across the ocean
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to become a workforce that
could be worked to death.
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So, the idea of immigrants
at the top, it looks very good,
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but that's not
all there is to us.
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A'
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Narrator: Before the Civil War,
most immigrants had come from
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northern Europe...
England, Scotland, Ireland,
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Germany, Holland,
and Scandinavia.
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Hayes: I'm named after
my ancestor who arrived
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at the port of Boston in 1860.
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He came from County Cork
in Ireland.
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He didn't have to fill out
anything but a landing card
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when he got here
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in a time when immigration
was free and open.
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It became more and more
restrictive later.
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Narrator: In 1882,
Congress passed
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the Chinese Exclusion Act,
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the first time
the United States had barred
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the immigration of
any people from anywhere.
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But between 1870 and 1914,
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nearly 25 million people
would arrive,
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mostly from
Southern and Eastern Europe.
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They spoke unfamiliar tongues,
followed other customs,
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worshipped God
in different ways.
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A'
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Their sheer numbers
inspired a backlash.
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A'
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Man: We Americans must realize
that the altruistic ideals
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which have controlled
our social development
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during the past century,
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and the maudlin sentimentalism
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that has made America
"an asylum for the oppressed"
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are sweeping the nation
toward a racial abyss.
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This generation must
completely repudiate
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00:13:10,541 --> 00:13:13,502
the proud boasts of our fathers
that they acknowledged
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no distinction in
"race, creed, or color"
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or else turn the page of history
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00:13:18,966 --> 00:13:21,593
and Write: "FINIS AMERICAE."
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A'
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Madison Grant.
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00:13:27,558 --> 00:13:29,893
Daniel Okrent: They don't
speak our language.
260
00:13:30,060 --> 00:13:31,729
They don't really look like us.
261
00:13:31,895 --> 00:13:33,981
They don't have
the educations that we have.
262
00:13:34,148 --> 00:13:36,108
And so, you find
somebody like Henry Adams
263
00:13:36,275 --> 00:13:37,651
walking across Boston Common
264
00:13:37,818 --> 00:13:41,405
and he describes in
his autobiography,
265
00:13:41,572 --> 00:13:45,409
he sees this creature,
this furtive Yitzhak or Yakov
266
00:13:45,576 --> 00:13:49,038
reeking of the ghettos,
snarling in a guttural Yiddish.
267
00:13:49,204 --> 00:13:53,042
What was this thing?
It was utterly alien.
268
00:13:55,377 --> 00:13:57,588
Narrator: Among the new
arrivals from Eastern Europe
269
00:13:57,755 --> 00:13:59,965
were more than two million Jews,
270
00:14:00,132 --> 00:14:01,925
most fleeing poverty,
271
00:14:02,092 --> 00:14:05,596
and many escaping
antisemitic violence.
272
00:14:06,764 --> 00:14:10,184
Some Jews, who had already been
in America for generations,
273
00:14:10,351 --> 00:14:13,103
were also wary of the newcomers.
274
00:14:13,270 --> 00:14:17,566
"We are Americans and they
are not," one rabbi said.
275
00:14:17,733 --> 00:14:21,195
"They gnaw the bones
of past centuries."
276
00:14:21,362 --> 00:14:24,031
A'
277
00:14:24,198 --> 00:14:26,700
By 1910, New York
would be home to
278
00:14:26,867 --> 00:14:28,786
more than a million Jews,
279
00:14:28,952 --> 00:14:32,373
more than a quarter
of the city's population,
280
00:14:32,539 --> 00:14:35,376
far more than
any other city on earth.
281
00:14:35,542 --> 00:14:37,461
A'
282
00:14:37,628 --> 00:14:39,421
Hayes: The anxieties
about urbanization,
283
00:14:39,588 --> 00:14:44,343
about unlettered, untutored,
relatively uneducated peoples
284
00:14:44,510 --> 00:14:46,762
coming in in large numbers,
285
00:14:46,929 --> 00:14:49,973
the sense that disease
was a problem,
286
00:14:50,140 --> 00:14:54,645
all of these worries were
amalgamated into a belief
287
00:14:54,812 --> 00:14:56,897
that immigrants
cause these problems,
288
00:14:57,064 --> 00:14:59,316
and thus immigration
should be held down.
289
00:14:59,483 --> 00:15:01,193
A'
290
00:15:01,360 --> 00:15:03,529
Narrator: Many white Protestant
Americans came to fear
291
00:15:03,695 --> 00:15:06,698
they were about to be
outnumbered and outbred
292
00:15:06,865 --> 00:15:09,159
by the newcomers
and their offspring...
293
00:15:09,326 --> 00:15:11,662
That they were being replaced.
294
00:15:13,414 --> 00:15:16,041
They embraced a new
pseudo-science born in Britain
295
00:15:16,208 --> 00:15:20,504
called eugenics, which falsely
claimed with no evidence
296
00:15:20,671 --> 00:15:23,715
that everything from
poverty to prostitution,
297
00:15:23,882 --> 00:15:27,302
disabilities to what
they called feeble-mindedness
298
00:15:27,469 --> 00:15:31,181
could be eliminated if
the individuals they dismissed
299
00:15:31,348 --> 00:15:32,808
as "socially defective"
300
00:15:32,975 --> 00:15:35,519
could be stopped
from reproducing.
301
00:15:39,606 --> 00:15:41,733
Man: I wish very much
that the wrong people
302
00:15:41,900 --> 00:15:45,028
could be prevented entirely
from breeding;
303
00:15:45,195 --> 00:15:47,364
and when the evil nature
of these people
304
00:15:47,531 --> 00:15:50,951
is sufficiently flagrant,
this should be done.
305
00:15:52,369 --> 00:15:53,912
Criminals should be sterilized,
306
00:15:54,079 --> 00:15:56,331
and feeble-minded persons
forbidden to leave
307
00:15:56,498 --> 00:15:58,167
offspring behind them.
308
00:15:59,418 --> 00:16:00,627
Theodore Roosevelt.
309
00:16:03,172 --> 00:16:06,049
Irvin Painter: The idea
was that the bad people
310
00:16:06,216 --> 00:16:08,552
have to stop reproducing
311
00:16:08,719 --> 00:16:13,015
and the good people
need to reproduce more.
312
00:16:13,182 --> 00:16:19,062
Negative eugenics says
sterilize the wrong people,
313
00:16:19,229 --> 00:16:24,943
snuff them out,
and that's the eugenics
314
00:16:25,110 --> 00:16:27,279
that the Nazis would pick up on.
315
00:16:28,572 --> 00:16:31,575
Narrator: Colleges and
universities taught eugenics.
316
00:16:31,742 --> 00:16:34,495
Medical societies confirmed it.
317
00:16:34,661 --> 00:16:36,872
Clergymen preached it.
318
00:16:37,039 --> 00:16:40,751
John D. Rockefeller
and Andrew Carnegie funded it.
319
00:16:40,918 --> 00:16:45,297
And some of the most prominent
people in America championed it...
320
00:16:45,464 --> 00:16:49,426
Margaret Sanger,
Alexander Graham Bell,
321
00:16:49,593 --> 00:16:52,888
even Helen Keller.
322
00:16:53,055 --> 00:16:54,449
Woman as Keller:
It seems to me that
323
00:16:54,473 --> 00:16:56,350
the simplest, wisest thing to do
324
00:16:56,517 --> 00:16:58,393
would be to submit cases
like that of
325
00:16:58,560 --> 00:17:03,232
the malformed idiot baby to
a jury of expert physicians.
326
00:17:03,398 --> 00:17:04,942
A'
327
00:17:05,108 --> 00:17:07,027
If the evidence
were presented openly
328
00:17:07,194 --> 00:17:10,280
and the decisions made public
before the death of the child,
329
00:17:10,447 --> 00:17:14,368
there would be little danger
of mistakes or abuses.
330
00:17:14,535 --> 00:17:17,829
We must decide between
a fine humanity
331
00:17:17,996 --> 00:17:19,873
and a cowardly sentimentalism.
332
00:17:20,040 --> 00:17:22,834
A'
333
00:17:23,001 --> 00:17:24,836
Narrator: 33 of the 48 states
334
00:17:25,003 --> 00:17:27,506
would eventually enact
eugenics laws
335
00:17:27,673 --> 00:17:31,468
mandating the forced sterilization
of wards of the state
336
00:17:31,635 --> 00:17:35,472
deemed physically or
mentally "unfit"...
337
00:17:35,639 --> 00:17:40,477
People in prisons,
hospitals, and asylums.
338
00:17:40,644 --> 00:17:42,396
More than 60,000 Americans
339
00:17:42,563 --> 00:17:45,190
would be sterilized
without their consent
340
00:17:45,357 --> 00:17:47,442
before the last
of these statutes was
341
00:17:47,609 --> 00:17:51,488
removed from the books in 2014.
342
00:17:51,655 --> 00:17:54,116
A'
343
00:17:54,283 --> 00:17:57,744
Eugenics also provided
a racist rationale
344
00:17:57,911 --> 00:18:00,956
for those convinced
immigration needed to be
345
00:18:01,123 --> 00:18:03,000
drastically curtailed.
346
00:18:04,334 --> 00:18:06,654
Man as Grant: The man of the
old stock is being crowded out
347
00:18:06,753 --> 00:18:09,506
of many country districts
by these foreigners
348
00:18:09,673 --> 00:18:12,384
just as he is today being
literally driven off the streets
349
00:18:12,551 --> 00:18:16,555
of New York City by
the swarms of Polish Jews.
350
00:18:18,015 --> 00:18:21,310
These immigrants adopt
the language of the American,
351
00:18:21,476 --> 00:18:24,396
they wear his clothes,
they steal his name,
352
00:18:24,563 --> 00:18:27,691
and they are beginning
to take his women,
353
00:18:27,858 --> 00:18:32,446
but they seldom adopt his religion
or understand his ideals.
354
00:18:32,613 --> 00:18:35,157
And while he is being
elbowed out of his own home,
355
00:18:35,324 --> 00:18:37,284
the American looks calmly abroad
356
00:18:37,451 --> 00:18:40,579
and urges on others
the suicidal ethics
357
00:18:40,746 --> 00:18:43,707
which are exterminating
his own race.
358
00:18:45,709 --> 00:18:47,377
Madison Grant.
359
00:18:47,544 --> 00:18:48,587
A'
360
00:18:48,754 --> 00:18:50,005
Narrator: Madison Grant was a
361
00:18:50,172 --> 00:18:52,174
widely-admired conservationist...
362
00:18:52,341 --> 00:18:56,094
A friend of presidents,
a founder of the Bronx Zoo,
363
00:18:56,261 --> 00:18:59,931
responsible in part for saving
the California Redwoods
364
00:19:00,098 --> 00:19:02,017
and preserving the buffalo,
365
00:19:02,184 --> 00:19:05,604
and instrumental in creating
Glacier, Denali,
366
00:19:05,771 --> 00:19:08,231
and Everglades National Parks.
367
00:19:08,398 --> 00:19:10,233
A'
368
00:19:10,400 --> 00:19:12,653
Okrent: And he was also
a violent antisemite
369
00:19:12,819 --> 00:19:14,655
and a violent anti-Italian
370
00:19:14,821 --> 00:19:18,075
and he really was horrified
by what he saw happening
371
00:19:18,241 --> 00:19:19,951
on the streets of New York.
372
00:19:20,118 --> 00:19:22,513
So, he publishes a book called
"The Passing of the Great Race,"
373
00:19:22,537 --> 00:19:24,873
in which he puts forward
the idea that
374
00:19:25,040 --> 00:19:29,044
nationalities have
eugenic characteristics.
375
00:19:29,211 --> 00:19:31,004
He fills it with
all sorts of interesting
376
00:19:31,171 --> 00:19:33,173
historical, so-called data,
377
00:19:33,340 --> 00:19:36,510
which is mostly crazy,
but it's very persuasive
378
00:19:36,677 --> 00:19:39,930
and it does give
the anti-immigration movement,
379
00:19:40,097 --> 00:19:42,099
it suddenly gives them science.
380
00:19:42,265 --> 00:19:44,476
"Science says if we let them in,
381
00:19:44,643 --> 00:19:47,145
then they're going to destroy
the American gene pool."
382
00:19:47,312 --> 00:19:48,647
A'
383
00:19:48,814 --> 00:19:50,399
Narrator: For Grant
and many others,
384
00:19:50,565 --> 00:19:54,695
Jews were a distinct race,
not considered white,
385
00:19:54,861 --> 00:19:57,948
dismissed as
"uncouth Asiatics."
386
00:19:58,115 --> 00:20:00,242
A'
387
00:20:00,409 --> 00:20:02,744
Grant's supposedly
"scientific" claims about
388
00:20:02,911 --> 00:20:06,289
a rigid hierarchy of races
was ludicrous...
389
00:20:06,456 --> 00:20:10,752
The biological notion of
race itself is a fiction...
390
00:20:10,919 --> 00:20:14,339
But his ideas caught the
imagination of those Americans
391
00:20:14,506 --> 00:20:17,175
already opposed to immigration.
392
00:20:18,969 --> 00:20:22,347
Hayes: People tended to
increasingly view nationalities
393
00:20:22,514 --> 00:20:25,684
as if they were
breeds or species.
394
00:20:25,851 --> 00:20:28,311
To liken nationalities to breeds
395
00:20:28,478 --> 00:20:31,815
was a fundamental
categorical mistake.
396
00:20:31,982 --> 00:20:34,109
The biological pool
of human beings
397
00:20:34,276 --> 00:20:36,820
between Germans and French,
Dutch and English
398
00:20:36,987 --> 00:20:40,282
is nothing like the biological
or genetic pool
399
00:20:40,449 --> 00:20:43,285
between poodles
and German shepherds.
400
00:20:44,911 --> 00:20:47,372
Narrator: American xenophobia
deepened when the U.S.
401
00:20:47,539 --> 00:20:50,709
entered the Great War in 1917.
402
00:20:53,044 --> 00:20:57,132
More than 116,000
American servicemen would die
403
00:20:57,299 --> 00:21:00,343
in a war that was supposed
to end all wars...
404
00:21:02,387 --> 00:21:04,014
And did nothing of the kind.
405
00:21:04,181 --> 00:21:07,184
A'
406
00:21:07,350 --> 00:21:10,145
After the War,
the United States was convulsed
407
00:21:10,312 --> 00:21:14,441
by white-on-black violence
in dozens of cities,
408
00:21:14,608 --> 00:21:18,779
anarchist bombings, bloody
strikes, and a "Red Scare"
409
00:21:18,945 --> 00:21:23,700
that saw the arrests of 10,000
suspected revolutionaries,
410
00:21:23,867 --> 00:21:28,622
many of them immigrants,
some of them Jewish.
411
00:21:28,789 --> 00:21:30,582
A'
412
00:21:30,749 --> 00:21:34,544
Irvin Painter: Anti-immigrant
sentiment and the Red Scare
413
00:21:34,711 --> 00:21:37,547
came together, so,
by the early Twenties,
414
00:21:37,714 --> 00:21:44,137
you have this boiling notion
that immigrants are stupid
415
00:21:44,304 --> 00:21:47,182
and immigrants are bolshevists
416
00:21:47,349 --> 00:21:52,187
and immigrants are
threatening America.
417
00:21:52,354 --> 00:21:54,981
Hayes: And this justified
increasingly in the minds of
418
00:21:55,148 --> 00:21:58,193
people like Madison Grant
and Henry Cabot Lodge,
419
00:21:58,360 --> 00:22:01,154
the senator from Massachusetts,
who argued that
420
00:22:01,321 --> 00:22:04,741
the way to master the problems
was to restrict the inflow
421
00:22:04,908 --> 00:22:08,411
of these
destabilizing populations.
422
00:22:08,578 --> 00:22:10,956
Narrator:
Antisemitism intensified.
423
00:22:11,122 --> 00:22:14,751
The automobile pioneer
Henry Ford blamed Jews
424
00:22:14,918 --> 00:22:17,587
for everything from
Lincoln's assassination
425
00:22:17,754 --> 00:22:19,965
to the change he thought
he detected
426
00:22:20,131 --> 00:22:23,760
in the flavor of
his favorite candy bar.
427
00:22:23,927 --> 00:22:26,221
He bought himself
a weekly newspaper,
428
00:22:26,388 --> 00:22:29,349
the "Dearborn lndependent,"
and used it to spread
429
00:22:29,516 --> 00:22:32,227
his antisemitic propaganda.
430
00:22:32,394 --> 00:22:34,938
In a series of
91 weekly articles
431
00:22:35,105 --> 00:22:37,691
called "The International Jew,"
432
00:22:37,858 --> 00:22:41,111
he promoted "The Protocols
of the Elders of Zion,"
433
00:22:41,278 --> 00:22:43,238
a Russian hoax
that claimed there was
434
00:22:43,405 --> 00:22:48,493
a global Jewish conspiracy
to take over the world.
435
00:22:48,660 --> 00:22:50,787
The Bolshevik Revolution
in Russia
436
00:22:50,954 --> 00:22:53,832
had only seemed
to confirm those fears.
437
00:22:55,917 --> 00:22:59,129
The articles were eventually
reprinted in 4 volumes
438
00:22:59,296 --> 00:23:04,676
and translated into 9 languages,
including German.
439
00:23:04,843 --> 00:23:07,053
A'
440
00:23:07,220 --> 00:23:11,433
Ford's newspaper continued
printing its antisemitic bile
441
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:14,686
and had the second-highest
circulation in the country.
442
00:23:14,853 --> 00:23:17,063
A'
443
00:23:17,230 --> 00:23:21,568
Jewish-Americans were already
denied membership in private clubs,
444
00:23:21,735 --> 00:23:25,405
not hired by banks
or prestigious law firms.
445
00:23:25,572 --> 00:23:27,324
"Restrictive covenants"
kept them out of
446
00:23:27,490 --> 00:23:29,868
desirable neighborhoods.
447
00:23:30,035 --> 00:23:33,371
Strict quotas limited
the number of Jewish students
448
00:23:33,538 --> 00:23:35,457
enrolled in universities
449
00:23:35,624 --> 00:23:37,334
and barred all but a handful of
450
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:40,337
Jewish teachers
from their faculties.
451
00:23:41,796 --> 00:23:45,216
Hotels advertised
rooms only for "Gentiles."
452
00:23:45,383 --> 00:23:48,595
A'
453
00:23:48,762 --> 00:23:50,847
Greene: One of the most,
I think, maddening things
454
00:23:51,014 --> 00:23:53,934
about antisemitism
is an antisemite
455
00:23:54,100 --> 00:23:55,644
will hold a contradictory belief
456
00:23:55,810 --> 00:23:57,938
and it won't bother
the antisemite, right?
457
00:23:58,104 --> 00:24:01,816
So, "Jews are capitalists,"
"Jews are Communists."
458
00:24:01,983 --> 00:24:05,028
Or, "Jewish men are
weak and effeminate,"
459
00:24:05,195 --> 00:24:08,073
or "Jewish men are
a sexual threat to...
460
00:24:08,239 --> 00:24:09,908
To non-Jewish women."
461
00:24:10,075 --> 00:24:12,369
These are contradictory beliefs
that are illogical,
462
00:24:12,535 --> 00:24:14,537
that don't bother antisemites.
463
00:24:14,704 --> 00:24:18,833
So, how do you fight back
against that with logic?
464
00:24:19,000 --> 00:24:20,311
Lipstadt: What are
the stereotypes
465
00:24:20,335 --> 00:24:22,879
associated with antisemitism?
466
00:24:23,046 --> 00:24:27,884
Something to do with money,
something to do with smarts,
467
00:24:28,051 --> 00:24:31,346
but not positive
or affirmatively,
468
00:24:31,513 --> 00:24:35,558
conniving and a small cabal.
469
00:24:35,725 --> 00:24:37,060
Jews are very few in number,
470
00:24:37,227 --> 00:24:39,646
but they know how
to control things.
471
00:24:39,813 --> 00:24:43,024
They are the puppet masters,
controlling the puppets.
472
00:24:43,191 --> 00:24:46,277
A'
473
00:24:46,444 --> 00:24:49,280
Narrator: In the early 1920s,
support grew steadily
474
00:24:49,447 --> 00:24:51,533
for congressional legislation
475
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:54,077
to permanently
restrict immigration,
476
00:24:54,244 --> 00:24:57,580
designed to return to
the ethnic mix of America
477
00:24:57,747 --> 00:25:00,375
as it had been before
the waves of newcomers
478
00:25:00,542 --> 00:25:02,836
from Southern
and Eastern Europe.
479
00:25:04,504 --> 00:25:08,425
A resurgent Ku Klux Klan,
now several million strong,
480
00:25:08,591 --> 00:25:10,969
as anti-Catholic
and antisemitic
481
00:25:11,136 --> 00:25:13,054
as it was anti-Black,
482
00:25:13,221 --> 00:25:15,890
favored restricting immigration.
483
00:25:16,057 --> 00:25:19,477
So did many Protestant clergymen
and union leaders
484
00:25:19,644 --> 00:25:23,189
convinced immigrants
drove wages down.
485
00:25:23,356 --> 00:25:26,359
President Calvin Coolidge
supported it, too.
486
00:25:26,526 --> 00:25:30,238
"America must be
kept American," he said.
487
00:25:32,240 --> 00:25:34,034
Jewish and Catholic
organizations
488
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:35,952
were adamantly opposed.
489
00:25:36,119 --> 00:25:38,121
A'
490
00:25:38,288 --> 00:25:41,916
A small band of congressmen...
Mostly from urban districts,
491
00:25:42,083 --> 00:25:45,879
often immigrants themselves or
the children of immigrants...
492
00:25:46,046 --> 00:25:49,716
Tried to speak for the new
Americans they represented.
493
00:25:49,883 --> 00:25:51,384
A'
494
00:25:51,551 --> 00:25:54,137
Man: I knew them.
I knew the Irish and the Jews
495
00:25:54,304 --> 00:25:56,639
and the Italians and the Greeks.
496
00:25:56,806 --> 00:25:59,017
I knew the women
in the Brooklyn tenements
497
00:25:59,184 --> 00:26:01,436
who scrubbed their floors
again and again
498
00:26:01,603 --> 00:26:05,273
in the helpless fight
against squalor.
499
00:26:05,440 --> 00:26:07,567
I knew their richness
and their laughter
500
00:26:07,734 --> 00:26:09,444
and the disappointing
heartbreak of
501
00:26:09,611 --> 00:26:12,447
the struggle in America
to adjust.
502
00:26:12,614 --> 00:26:14,157
A'
503
00:26:14,324 --> 00:26:16,659
I knew also their pride,
504
00:26:16,826 --> 00:26:19,329
the unfulfilled dream
of independence
505
00:26:19,496 --> 00:26:22,290
that had first
brought them here.
506
00:26:22,457 --> 00:26:25,502
Emanuel Celler.
507
00:26:25,668 --> 00:26:28,338
Narrator: Freshman Congressman
Emanuel Celler
508
00:26:28,505 --> 00:26:31,049
was a third-generation
Jewish-American,
509
00:26:31,216 --> 00:26:33,802
who represented
Brooklyn's 10th District.
510
00:26:33,968 --> 00:26:37,680
It was one of the most ethnically
diverse in the nation,
511
00:26:37,847 --> 00:26:40,183
and he liked to tell
his constituents that
512
00:26:40,350 --> 00:26:43,686
his Catholic grandfather had
jumped into New York Harbor
513
00:26:43,853 --> 00:26:46,606
to save his Jewish grandmother
from drowning
514
00:26:46,773 --> 00:26:49,567
after the boat they had both
taken from Germany
515
00:26:49,734 --> 00:26:50,985
began to sink.
516
00:26:51,152 --> 00:26:52,862
A'
517
00:26:53,029 --> 00:26:56,616
When Celler came to Washington
in the winter of 1923,
518
00:26:56,783 --> 00:26:59,202
he hurled himself
into the struggle against
519
00:26:59,369 --> 00:27:01,746
the latest
anti-immigration bill,
520
00:27:01,913 --> 00:27:05,542
even before he was
able to hire a staff.
521
00:27:05,708 --> 00:27:08,837
He pored over books
in the Library of Congress
522
00:27:09,003 --> 00:27:13,716
and brought in scientists
to testify against eugenics.
523
00:27:13,883 --> 00:27:17,470
The work of Madison Grant
and his fellow eugenicists,
524
00:27:17,637 --> 00:27:20,932
Celler said, was all
"bunk and balderdash."
525
00:27:21,099 --> 00:27:25,937
"There is no such thing as
superior and inferior races.
526
00:27:26,104 --> 00:27:28,982
One set of people is
as good as another."
527
00:27:31,317 --> 00:27:33,403
Man as Celler: This is indeed
a new doctrine
528
00:27:33,570 --> 00:27:38,074
for a democratic America,
founded on the declaration that
529
00:27:38,241 --> 00:27:40,451
all men are created equal,
530
00:27:40,618 --> 00:27:44,747
a slap in the face to our
immigrants who have assimilated
531
00:27:44,914 --> 00:27:50,170
and who have become bone of
our bone, flesh of our flesh.
532
00:27:50,336 --> 00:27:52,130
A'
533
00:27:52,297 --> 00:27:54,549
Narrator: But nothing
Celler or his allies said
534
00:27:54,716 --> 00:27:57,302
could halt the rush
toward passage.
535
00:27:57,468 --> 00:28:00,054
The new law,
the Johnson-Reed Act,
536
00:28:00,221 --> 00:28:05,393
passed by overwhelming margins
in both the House and Senate.
537
00:28:05,560 --> 00:28:10,356
On May 26, 1924,
Coolidge signed it into law.
538
00:28:10,523 --> 00:28:12,400
A'
539
00:28:12,567 --> 00:28:15,236
It drastically limited
the total number of immigrants
540
00:28:15,403 --> 00:28:17,530
admitted to the United States,
541
00:28:17,697 --> 00:28:20,241
and it allotted quotas
to each country,
542
00:28:20,408 --> 00:28:22,869
overwhelmingly favoring
immigrants from
543
00:28:23,036 --> 00:28:26,247
Northern European countries.
544
00:28:26,414 --> 00:28:28,875
Erbelding: The Johnson-Reed
Immigration Act of 1924
545
00:28:29,042 --> 00:28:31,085
is really meant to define
who is going to be
546
00:28:31,252 --> 00:28:33,087
an American in the future.
547
00:28:33,254 --> 00:28:37,008
And 85% of it is for people
who are born in countries
548
00:28:37,175 --> 00:28:40,637
that they decide in 1924
are white Protestant countries
549
00:28:40,803 --> 00:28:44,307
that will send white Protestant
immigrants to the United States.
550
00:28:45,475 --> 00:28:48,519
Narrator: The act did not limit
immigrants from the Americas...
551
00:28:48,686 --> 00:28:51,522
Who were needed
for farm labor...
552
00:28:51,689 --> 00:28:55,652
But it now barred all Asians,
not just the Chinese.
553
00:28:55,818 --> 00:28:59,155
One Japanese newspaper
labeled the law's passage
554
00:28:59,322 --> 00:29:01,783
"the greatest
insult in our history,"
555
00:29:01,950 --> 00:29:04,244
and a prominent
nationalist declared
556
00:29:04,410 --> 00:29:06,037
it made "an eventual collision
557
00:29:06,204 --> 00:29:09,582
between Japan
and America... inevitable."
558
00:29:09,749 --> 00:29:11,459
A'
559
00:29:11,626 --> 00:29:15,046
For the first time, before
embarking for the United States,
560
00:29:15,213 --> 00:29:17,924
potential immigrants
would have to obtain a visa
561
00:29:18,091 --> 00:29:21,469
from American consulates
in their countries,
562
00:29:21,636 --> 00:29:23,638
giving State Department
bureaucrats
563
00:29:23,805 --> 00:29:25,515
unprecedented control
564
00:29:25,682 --> 00:29:30,812
over who was and who was not
worthy of admission.
565
00:29:30,979 --> 00:29:34,607
The new act also made
no exception for refugees...
566
00:29:34,774 --> 00:29:39,612
Those fleeing disaster,
war, or persecution.
567
00:29:41,572 --> 00:29:47,287
In 1921, 805,000 immigrants
had come to America.
568
00:29:47,453 --> 00:29:50,832
In 1925, under the new
quota system,
569
00:29:50,999 --> 00:29:54,919
just under 150,000
were allowed in.
570
00:29:55,086 --> 00:29:56,629
A'
571
00:29:56,796 --> 00:29:59,590
There was no explicit
quota for Jews,
572
00:29:59,757 --> 00:30:02,927
and Jews were not
specifically named in the law.
573
00:30:03,094 --> 00:30:04,762
But it was not an accident that
574
00:30:04,929 --> 00:30:07,598
most recent Jewish immigrants
had come from
575
00:30:07,765 --> 00:30:13,688
the eastern European countries
that now had miniscule quotas.
576
00:30:13,855 --> 00:30:17,483
Almost 120,000 Jews
had started new lives
577
00:30:17,650 --> 00:30:21,779
in the United States in 1921.
578
00:30:21,946 --> 00:30:26,159
5 years later, only
10,000 were able to do so.
579
00:30:26,326 --> 00:30:27,952
A'
580
00:30:28,119 --> 00:30:30,830
"America has closed
the doors just in time
581
00:30:30,997 --> 00:30:32,999
"to prevent our
Nordic population
582
00:30:33,166 --> 00:30:35,918
from being overrun
by the lower races,"
583
00:30:36,085 --> 00:30:38,004
said Madison Grant.
584
00:30:38,171 --> 00:30:41,632
"The law's passage was one of
the greatest steps forward
585
00:30:41,799 --> 00:30:43,801
in the history
of this country."
586
00:30:43,968 --> 00:30:45,928
A'
587
00:30:46,095 --> 00:30:48,097
Man as Celler: To say that
a handful of men
588
00:30:48,264 --> 00:30:53,269
forced through the Immigration
Act of 1924 is false.
589
00:30:53,436 --> 00:30:57,398
The United States was drawing
her skirts about her in fear
590
00:30:57,565 --> 00:31:00,526
lest she be contaminated
by the alien.
591
00:31:00,693 --> 00:31:02,153
A'
592
00:31:02,320 --> 00:31:04,489
The temper of the Congress,
I discovered,
593
00:31:04,655 --> 00:31:07,200
is the temper of the country.
594
00:31:08,368 --> 00:31:09,911
Emanuel Celler.
595
00:31:10,078 --> 00:31:13,081
A'
596
00:31:17,502 --> 00:31:21,714
Narrator: In 1924, in a prison
cell in Landsberg, Bavaria,
597
00:31:21,881 --> 00:31:26,552
Adolf Hitler, the head of the National
Socialist German Workers Party...
598
00:31:26,719 --> 00:31:31,724
The Nazis... learned of the new
American immigration law.
599
00:31:31,891 --> 00:31:34,143
He had been imprisoned
for high treason
600
00:31:34,310 --> 00:31:36,687
after leading a failed coup.
601
00:31:36,854 --> 00:31:40,149
He was pleased that the
United States felt itself to be
602
00:31:40,316 --> 00:31:43,403
what he called
a "Nordic-Germanic state,"
603
00:31:43,569 --> 00:31:45,988
and had acted to preserve
its purity
604
00:31:46,155 --> 00:31:48,616
by "excluding certain races."
605
00:31:48,783 --> 00:31:50,284
A'
606
00:31:50,451 --> 00:31:53,579
Those ideas mirrored
Hitler's own beliefs,
607
00:31:53,746 --> 00:31:55,581
and he was willing
to exploit the chaos
608
00:31:55,748 --> 00:31:59,252
that gripped Germany after
its defeat in the Great War
609
00:31:59,419 --> 00:32:01,838
to promote them.
610
00:32:02,004 --> 00:32:04,424
At Versailles in 1919,
611
00:32:04,590 --> 00:32:07,593
the victorious Allies
had imposed on the Germans
612
00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:12,265
a treaty that required them to
give up 10% of their territory
613
00:32:12,432 --> 00:32:15,101
as well as their colonies
in Africa,
614
00:32:15,268 --> 00:32:17,562
pay massive reparations,
615
00:32:17,728 --> 00:32:20,440
and disarm completely.
616
00:32:20,606 --> 00:32:23,943
Hitler, who had been an obscure
army dispatch messenger
617
00:32:24,110 --> 00:32:25,486
when the war ended,
618
00:32:25,653 --> 00:32:27,822
was among those
who convinced themselves
619
00:32:27,989 --> 00:32:31,951
Germany had not been
defeated on the battlefield,
620
00:32:32,118 --> 00:32:34,328
that she had been
"stabbed in the back"
621
00:32:34,495 --> 00:32:36,914
by socialists and Jews.
622
00:32:37,081 --> 00:32:38,791
A'
623
00:32:38,958 --> 00:32:41,919
While behind bars,
Hitler worked on a book
624
00:32:42,086 --> 00:32:45,465
entitled "Mein Kampf"...
"My Struggle."
625
00:32:45,631 --> 00:32:49,218
History, he argued, was
an endless racial conflict
626
00:32:49,385 --> 00:32:52,805
in which the superior
so-called "Aryan" race
627
00:32:52,972 --> 00:32:57,143
was being undermined by Jews.
628
00:32:57,310 --> 00:32:59,687
Hayes: The most dangerous
of other nationalities,
629
00:32:59,854 --> 00:33:02,273
said the Nazis, were the Jews.
630
00:33:02,440 --> 00:33:04,817
And the reason they were
was not only inherited,
631
00:33:04,984 --> 00:33:06,503
that is, there had been
a Christian teaching
632
00:33:06,527 --> 00:33:08,946
that these people are
corrupting and so forth.
633
00:33:09,113 --> 00:33:10,865
The reason is also
they were the people
634
00:33:11,032 --> 00:33:14,869
who brought the notion of
conscience, the golden rule,
635
00:33:15,036 --> 00:33:20,666
fair play, international
cooperation into the world.
636
00:33:20,833 --> 00:33:22,060
Man: What's particular
about the thing that
637
00:33:22,084 --> 00:33:24,128
Hitler puts together is to say,
638
00:33:24,295 --> 00:33:28,090
"The Jews are responsible
for every global idea,
639
00:33:28,257 --> 00:33:30,843
"for every universal idea.
640
00:33:31,010 --> 00:33:33,638
"Anything which allows us
to see each other as people,
641
00:33:33,804 --> 00:33:38,184
rather than as members
of a race, that's the Jews."
642
00:33:38,351 --> 00:33:42,522
Narrator: Germany's 523,000
Jews constituted less than
643
00:33:42,688 --> 00:33:45,858
1% of
their country's population.
644
00:33:46,025 --> 00:33:50,613
But 100,000 of them had fought
during the Great War.
645
00:33:50,780 --> 00:33:54,408
12,000 had died.
646
00:33:54,575 --> 00:33:57,161
They had overcome
centuries of persecution
647
00:33:57,328 --> 00:34:01,040
to become merchants,
manufacturers, musicians,
648
00:34:01,207 --> 00:34:03,876
lawyers, writers, scientists,
649
00:34:04,043 --> 00:34:07,213
artists, government officials,
650
00:34:07,380 --> 00:34:09,882
and were loyal Germans.
651
00:34:10,049 --> 00:34:13,052
Stern: We were
absolutely integrated
652
00:34:13,219 --> 00:34:17,890
into this town of about
65,000 inhabitants
653
00:34:18,057 --> 00:34:20,935
and felt completely at home.
654
00:34:21,102 --> 00:34:22,562
A'
655
00:34:22,728 --> 00:34:23,956
Narrator:
The city of Hildesheim,
656
00:34:23,980 --> 00:34:25,273
in northern Germany,
657
00:34:25,439 --> 00:34:28,568
was home to some
1,000 Jewish families.
658
00:34:28,734 --> 00:34:31,821
Julius Stern owned a small shop.
659
00:34:31,988 --> 00:34:33,906
His wife Hedwig
was the daughter of
660
00:34:34,073 --> 00:34:35,741
a well-to-do-merchant.
661
00:34:35,908 --> 00:34:37,577
They had 3 children.
662
00:34:37,743 --> 00:34:42,248
Their oldest was Glllnther,
born in 1922.
663
00:34:42,415 --> 00:34:43,958
A'
664
00:34:44,125 --> 00:34:48,045
Stern: My mother was
a absolute luminous woman.
665
00:34:48,212 --> 00:34:52,800
And she could write
German verses for all occasions
666
00:34:52,967 --> 00:34:59,265
and was praised as the
"Poet Laureate" of our family.
667
00:34:59,432 --> 00:35:02,476
I had a neighbor boy
who was my best friend
668
00:35:02,643 --> 00:35:07,231
on the slim basis that both of
our names were GUnther.
669
00:35:07,398 --> 00:35:12,403
His family was not all that
conservative as Protestants.
670
00:35:12,570 --> 00:35:16,782
And we were
not that observant as Jews.
671
00:35:18,868 --> 00:35:22,622
Narrator: But to Hitler, all
Jews were clannish, stateless,
672
00:35:22,788 --> 00:35:25,625
subhuman "leeches"
who drained the strength
673
00:35:25,791 --> 00:35:28,502
of every country
in which they lived.
674
00:35:28,669 --> 00:35:31,422
From his cell, he promised
to one day make Germany
675
00:35:31,589 --> 00:35:33,966
free of them... and, by so doing,
676
00:35:34,133 --> 00:35:36,552
restore Germany's greatness.
677
00:35:37,887 --> 00:35:39,639
Victory in that struggle,
he said,
678
00:35:39,805 --> 00:35:43,476
demanded military might,
"Aryan fertility,"
679
00:35:43,643 --> 00:35:45,603
and racial purity.
680
00:35:45,770 --> 00:35:49,315
He would seek to destroy
the power of what he believed
681
00:35:49,482 --> 00:35:54,862
was a worldwide conspiracy...
"lnternational Jewry."
682
00:35:55,029 --> 00:35:58,908
At the same time, he dreamed of
reclaiming German territories
683
00:35:59,075 --> 00:36:02,119
and waging a war
against the Soviet Union
684
00:36:02,286 --> 00:36:05,706
that would simultaneously
destroy what he called
685
00:36:05,873 --> 00:36:07,458
"Jewish B0lshevism"
686
00:36:07,625 --> 00:36:11,545
and win for Germany
the "Lebensraum"... Living Space...
687
00:36:11,712 --> 00:36:14,465
To which he believed
it was entitled.
688
00:36:16,300 --> 00:36:19,553
Hayes: Hitler saw the expansion
of Germany into Eastern Europe
689
00:36:19,720 --> 00:36:24,975
as foreshadowed by what
we had done in North America,
690
00:36:25,142 --> 00:36:27,853
the expansion of the white
people of the United States
691
00:36:28,020 --> 00:36:31,607
across the continent
from east to west,
692
00:36:31,774 --> 00:36:35,236
brushing aside the people
who were already here
693
00:36:35,403 --> 00:36:38,322
and confining them
to reservations.
694
00:36:38,489 --> 00:36:40,324
A'
695
00:36:40,491 --> 00:36:43,035
Narrator: "The immense inner
strength" of the United States,
696
00:36:43,202 --> 00:36:47,206
Hitler said, came from
the ruthless but necessary act
697
00:36:47,373 --> 00:36:49,917
of murdering native people
698
00:36:50,084 --> 00:36:52,461
and herding the rest
into "cages."
699
00:36:52,628 --> 00:36:54,213
A'
700
00:36:54,380 --> 00:36:56,132
Snyder: He saw us
as the way that
701
00:36:56,298 --> 00:36:59,593
racial superiority
is supposed to work.
702
00:36:59,760 --> 00:37:02,722
The higher races
conquer the territory.
703
00:37:02,888 --> 00:37:05,725
So, if anything,
the attitude before the war
704
00:37:05,891 --> 00:37:09,145
was an attitude of
a certain admiration.
705
00:37:09,311 --> 00:37:11,731
Narrator: Hitler hoped that
just as the Americans
706
00:37:11,897 --> 00:37:13,899
had conquered "the Wild West,"
707
00:37:14,066 --> 00:37:17,236
his countrymen would conquer
"the Wild East"...
708
00:37:17,403 --> 00:37:20,156
Eastern Europe
and the Soviet Union.
709
00:37:20,322 --> 00:37:24,076
"Our Mississippi,"
he said, "must be the Volga."
710
00:37:25,661 --> 00:37:27,329
Germans would sweep aside
those who
711
00:37:27,496 --> 00:37:30,416
inconveniently occupied
those lands...
712
00:37:30,583 --> 00:37:34,962
Poles and other Slavs,
as well as Jews...
713
00:37:35,129 --> 00:37:38,424
Much as Native Americans
had been swept aside.
714
00:37:42,386 --> 00:37:44,054
When Hitler was
released from prison
715
00:37:44,221 --> 00:37:46,432
in December of 1924,
716
00:37:46,599 --> 00:37:49,435
the fledgling Weimar Republic
that had been born
717
00:37:49,602 --> 00:37:51,353
at the end of the Great War
718
00:37:51,520 --> 00:37:53,939
was finally coming into its own.
719
00:37:55,274 --> 00:37:58,277
Berlin, its capital
and largest city,
720
00:37:58,444 --> 00:38:01,280
home to 1/3 of Germany's Jews,
721
00:38:01,447 --> 00:38:04,074
had become
the intellectual and creative
722
00:38:04,241 --> 00:38:07,161
center of Europe...
723
00:38:07,328 --> 00:38:11,957
Expressionism on canvas
and on the movie screen,
724
00:38:12,124 --> 00:38:16,712
Bauhaus architecture
and American jazz,
725
00:38:16,879 --> 00:38:20,966
scientific advancement
and avant-garde music,
726
00:38:21,133 --> 00:38:25,262
sexual freedom
and leftist politics.
727
00:38:25,429 --> 00:38:27,681
A'
728
00:38:27,848 --> 00:38:31,811
Berlin represented
everything Hitler hated
729
00:38:31,977 --> 00:38:33,729
and hoped to destroy.
730
00:38:36,774 --> 00:38:43,989
A'
731
00:38:44,156 --> 00:38:47,535
In the autumn of 1929,
after nearly a decade of
732
00:38:47,701 --> 00:38:51,247
unprecedented economic growth,
733
00:38:51,413 --> 00:38:53,833
the New York
stock market crashed.
734
00:38:55,501 --> 00:38:57,294
The Great Depression
that followed would be
735
00:38:57,461 --> 00:39:02,174
the worst crisis America
had faced since the Civil War.
736
00:39:02,341 --> 00:39:06,345
Before it was over, one
out of every 4 wage-earners...
737
00:39:06,512 --> 00:39:09,098
More than 15 million
men and women...
738
00:39:09,265 --> 00:39:10,975
Would be without work.
739
00:39:12,393 --> 00:39:14,562
Now Americans
were even less eager
740
00:39:14,728 --> 00:39:17,022
to welcome workers
from foreign lands
741
00:39:17,189 --> 00:39:19,149
than they had been before.
742
00:39:20,401 --> 00:39:24,029
President Herbert Hoover
directed all overseas consulates
743
00:39:24,196 --> 00:39:26,365
to strictly enforce
what had been
744
00:39:26,532 --> 00:39:30,286
a seemingly minor provision
of the immigration law.
745
00:39:30,452 --> 00:39:33,581
From now on, the United States
would deny a visa
746
00:39:33,747 --> 00:39:35,416
to any would-be immigrant
747
00:39:35,583 --> 00:39:38,460
"likely to become
a public charge,"
748
00:39:38,627 --> 00:39:41,130
dependent on government support.
749
00:39:41,297 --> 00:39:43,090
A'
750
00:39:43,257 --> 00:39:46,719
Under the slogan "American
jobs for real Americans,"
751
00:39:46,886 --> 00:39:49,597
Hoover's Labor Department
approved raids by
752
00:39:49,763 --> 00:39:52,641
sheriffs, marshals,
and vigilantes
753
00:39:52,808 --> 00:39:57,605
that rounded up some 1.8 million
people of Mexican descent
754
00:39:57,771 --> 00:39:59,273
and deported them.
755
00:40:00,733 --> 00:40:03,944
It was called the "Mexican
Repatriation Program,"
756
00:40:04,111 --> 00:40:06,697
but 6 out of 10
of those dispossessed
757
00:40:06,864 --> 00:40:10,409
are believed to have been
American citizens.
758
00:40:12,119 --> 00:40:15,664
In 1932, for the first time
in American history,
759
00:40:15,831 --> 00:40:19,960
more people left the United
States than were allowed in.
760
00:40:21,295 --> 00:40:22,838
Man: You are approaching
Ellis Island,
761
00:40:23,005 --> 00:40:25,549
once the gateway for
thousands seeking fortune,
762
00:40:25,716 --> 00:40:27,843
and now every month
sees hundreds banished
763
00:40:28,010 --> 00:40:30,220
after being convicted
by the immigration board
764
00:40:30,387 --> 00:40:33,390
of failing to meet the
requirements of good citizenship.
765
00:40:33,557 --> 00:40:35,309
Today's batch of
deportees include
766
00:40:35,476 --> 00:40:37,353
a husband and wife, forced apart
767
00:40:37,519 --> 00:40:39,438
by Uncle Sam's stern edict.
768
00:40:39,605 --> 00:40:41,106
And so the symbol
of liberty becomes
769
00:40:41,273 --> 00:40:44,610
a fading memory of things
that might have been.
770
00:40:44,777 --> 00:40:51,450
A'
771
00:40:51,617 --> 00:40:53,786
Narrator: The Great Depression
spread relentlessly
772
00:40:53,953 --> 00:40:55,454
around the world.
773
00:40:56,705 --> 00:40:59,792
In Germany, more than a third
of the adult population
774
00:40:59,959 --> 00:41:01,877
was without work.
775
00:41:02,044 --> 00:41:06,548
Parliamentary democracy seemed
powerless to improve things.
776
00:41:06,715 --> 00:41:09,134
The Weimar Republic
was teetering.
777
00:41:09,301 --> 00:41:11,804
Governments came and went.
778
00:41:11,971 --> 00:41:15,140
The search for
scapegoats intensified.
779
00:41:15,307 --> 00:41:16,976
A'
780
00:41:17,142 --> 00:41:20,562
In the chaos,
Hitler saw his chance.
781
00:41:20,729 --> 00:41:22,231
A'
782
00:41:22,398 --> 00:41:24,400
[Hitler speaking German]
783
00:41:33,325 --> 00:41:35,703
[Crowd cheering]
784
00:41:35,869 --> 00:41:38,455
Narrator: In 1928,
the Nazi share of the vote
785
00:41:38,622 --> 00:41:41,000
had been less than 3%.
786
00:41:41,166 --> 00:41:46,005
By 1932, theirs was
the largest party in Germany,
787
00:41:46,171 --> 00:41:48,841
but still not large enough
to form a government.
788
00:41:50,467 --> 00:41:51,885
To appeal to moderates,
789
00:41:52,052 --> 00:41:54,680
the Nazis downplayed
their antisemitism
790
00:41:54,847 --> 00:41:59,435
and they stepped up street warfare
against socialists and Communists
791
00:41:59,601 --> 00:42:04,982
to convince voters that
civil war was imminent.
792
00:42:05,149 --> 00:42:08,527
Then, a small group of
elite conservatives stepped in
793
00:42:08,694 --> 00:42:12,656
and on January 30, 1933,
saw to it
794
00:42:12,823 --> 00:42:15,200
that Hitler was
appointed Chancellor...
795
00:42:15,367 --> 00:42:18,078
Confident that they
could control him.
796
00:42:18,245 --> 00:42:20,622
"We have hired him,"
one of them told a friend.
797
00:42:20,789 --> 00:42:23,250
"In a few months,
we will have pushed him so far
798
00:42:23,417 --> 00:42:26,378
into the corner
that he will squeak."
799
00:42:27,713 --> 00:42:30,215
They had misjudged him.
800
00:42:30,382 --> 00:42:32,217
Snyder: The people who
brought Hitler to power
801
00:42:32,384 --> 00:42:34,803
didn't necessarily share
all of his ideas.
802
00:42:34,970 --> 00:42:36,221
In fact, they didn't.
803
00:42:36,388 --> 00:42:38,098
But what they did believe
804
00:42:38,265 --> 00:42:40,476
was that we can't have
democracy anymore,
805
00:42:40,642 --> 00:42:42,561
because if we have democracy,
806
00:42:42,728 --> 00:42:45,064
then the Left
and the labor unions,
807
00:42:45,230 --> 00:42:47,024
they're going to take
all of the power.
808
00:42:48,442 --> 00:42:50,235
So, the people who brought
Hitler to power
809
00:42:50,402 --> 00:42:52,362
were conscious and aware,
810
00:42:52,529 --> 00:42:55,240
and desirous of
doing away with democracy.
811
00:42:55,407 --> 00:42:57,409
[Crowd shouting]
812
00:42:58,577 --> 00:43:00,746
Narrator: Within two months,
with a ruthlessness that
813
00:43:00,913 --> 00:43:03,791
stunned supporters
and opponents alike,
814
00:43:03,957 --> 00:43:06,877
Hitler bullied
the parliament... the Reichstag...
815
00:43:07,044 --> 00:43:11,423
Into granting him the powers
of an absolute dictator.
816
00:43:11,590 --> 00:43:14,259
A'
817
00:43:14,426 --> 00:43:16,386
The morning after
Hitler took power,
818
00:43:16,553 --> 00:43:20,432
local Nazis staged victory
marches throughout the country.
819
00:43:20,599 --> 00:43:22,434
A'
820
00:43:22,601 --> 00:43:25,729
In Hildesheim,
the Stern family's apartment
821
00:43:25,896 --> 00:43:28,649
overlooked the parade route.
822
00:43:28,816 --> 00:43:32,111
Stern: We stayed home,
and my parents said,
823
00:43:32,277 --> 00:43:34,947
"Don't even
look out the window."
824
00:43:35,114 --> 00:43:36,949
A'
825
00:43:37,116 --> 00:43:42,329
And at the very tail end of
that parade were my classmates.
826
00:43:42,496 --> 00:43:43,872
A'
827
00:43:44,039 --> 00:43:49,795
My father called my brother
into our...
828
00:43:49,962 --> 00:43:51,880
What was called the gute stube,
829
00:43:52,047 --> 00:43:54,883
which was the best room
in the apartment.
830
00:43:55,050 --> 00:43:58,470
And he said to us,
"Sit down, boys,
831
00:43:58,637 --> 00:44:00,806
I have something to tell you."
832
00:44:00,973 --> 00:44:06,311
And what he said was,
"Don't stick out.
833
00:44:06,478 --> 00:44:09,439
He who sticks out,
gets stuck."
834
00:44:09,606 --> 00:44:10,732
A'
835
00:44:10,899 --> 00:44:14,153
We took him seriously.
He said,
836
00:44:14,319 --> 00:44:17,489
"Be like invisible ink."
837
00:44:17,656 --> 00:44:22,536
In other words, what you are
will someday come out again,
838
00:44:22,703 --> 00:44:27,166
but at this time,
fade into the crowd.
839
00:44:27,332 --> 00:44:34,089
A'
840
00:44:34,256 --> 00:44:36,842
Franklin Roosevelt:
I, Franklin Delano Roosevelt,
841
00:44:37,009 --> 00:44:40,345
do solemnly swear that
I will faithfully execute
842
00:44:40,512 --> 00:44:43,932
the Office of President
of the United States...
843
00:44:44,099 --> 00:44:46,894
Narrator: The United States had
a new leader that winter, too.
844
00:44:47,060 --> 00:44:48,854
Roosevelt: preserve, protect,
and defend...
845
00:44:49,021 --> 00:44:51,565
Narrator: Franklin Delano
Roosevelt was sworn in
846
00:44:51,732 --> 00:44:55,986
as the 32nd president
on March 4th.
847
00:44:56,153 --> 00:44:57,404
Roosevelt:
This is a day of...
848
00:44:57,571 --> 00:44:58,840
Narrator:
The economic situation had
849
00:44:58,864 --> 00:45:01,617
steadily worsened since 1929,
850
00:45:01,783 --> 00:45:05,579
so steadily that some Americans
on both sides of the aisle
851
00:45:05,746 --> 00:45:10,792
urged the new president also
to assume dictatorial powers.
852
00:45:10,959 --> 00:45:12,937
Roosevelt: the Congress shall
fail to take one of these...
853
00:45:12,961 --> 00:45:15,881
Narrator: In his inaugural
address, he assured Americans
854
00:45:16,048 --> 00:45:20,427
that "the only thing we have
to fear is fear itself,"
855
00:45:20,594 --> 00:45:24,056
but he also warned that
if all else failed...
856
00:45:24,223 --> 00:45:26,391
Roosevelt: I shall
ask the Congress for the one
857
00:45:26,558 --> 00:45:29,811
remaining instrument
to meet the crisis...
858
00:45:29,978 --> 00:45:37,194
Broad executive power to wage
a war against the emergency
859
00:45:37,361 --> 00:45:41,323
as great as the power
that would be given to me
860
00:45:41,490 --> 00:45:45,410
if we were in fact invaded
by a foreign foe.
861
00:45:45,577 --> 00:45:48,038
[Crowd cheering]
862
00:45:48,205 --> 00:45:50,457
Narrator: His wife Eleanor
remembered that she'd
863
00:45:50,624 --> 00:45:54,795
found the crowd's enthusiastic
reaction to that line
864
00:45:54,962 --> 00:45:56,338
"a little terrifying."
865
00:45:56,505 --> 00:45:58,715
A'
866
00:45:58,882 --> 00:46:00,968
During the 100 days
that followed,
867
00:46:01,134 --> 00:46:02,719
Roosevelt would sign into law
868
00:46:02,886 --> 00:46:06,348
16 major pieces of
domestic legislation
869
00:46:06,515 --> 00:46:10,936
that laid the foundation for
what he called the New Deal.
870
00:46:11,103 --> 00:46:16,400
His overriding objective was
to put Americans back to work.
871
00:46:16,566 --> 00:46:20,445
Foreign policy was left mostly
to the State Department...
872
00:46:20,612 --> 00:46:23,532
Small, hide-bound, dominated by
873
00:46:23,699 --> 00:46:28,453
conservative members of
the Protestant establishment.
874
00:46:28,620 --> 00:46:31,790
FDR's secretary of state
was Cordell Hull,
875
00:46:31,957 --> 00:46:35,502
a former Tennessee senator
most concerned with
876
00:46:35,669 --> 00:46:38,672
increasing America's trade
with the world
877
00:46:38,839 --> 00:46:41,425
and opposed on principle
to interfering in
878
00:46:41,591 --> 00:46:44,636
the domestic affairs
of other countries.
879
00:46:44,803 --> 00:46:47,556
A'
880
00:46:51,393 --> 00:46:53,395
[Hitler speaking German]
881
00:47:22,007 --> 00:47:25,135
Narrator: Many Germans...
Jews and Gentiles alike...
882
00:47:25,302 --> 00:47:29,639
Believed that once in power,
Hitler would moderate his views.
883
00:47:29,806 --> 00:47:32,601
They took comfort in
an old German saying,
884
00:47:32,768 --> 00:47:36,563
"Nothing is eaten
as hot as it is cooked."
885
00:47:36,730 --> 00:47:39,649
Others hoped his government
would quickly collapse
886
00:47:39,816 --> 00:47:42,027
as so many others had.
887
00:47:42,194 --> 00:47:43,612
[Men chant in German]
888
00:47:43,779 --> 00:47:46,531
Narrator: The Nazis soon
dashed those hopes.
889
00:47:48,200 --> 00:47:50,160
Within weeks of taking power,
890
00:47:50,327 --> 00:47:53,497
Hitler's Brownshirt street
fighters and black-clad members
891
00:47:53,663 --> 00:47:56,208
of an elite
paramilitary organization
892
00:47:56,375 --> 00:47:59,961
called the Schutzstaffel...
Or SS...
893
00:48:00,128 --> 00:48:04,883
Had rounded up some 4,800
socialists and Communists
894
00:48:05,050 --> 00:48:10,138
and soon sent them to the first
of many concentration camps...
895
00:48:10,305 --> 00:48:13,016
Guarded compounds
initially intended to hold
896
00:48:13,183 --> 00:48:15,936
large numbers of
political opponents,
897
00:48:16,103 --> 00:48:20,107
stripped of all their
rights as citizens.
898
00:48:20,273 --> 00:48:23,110
It was set up about
12 miles from Munich,
899
00:48:23,276 --> 00:48:25,570
near the village of Dachau.
900
00:48:27,322 --> 00:48:30,325
By year's end,
more than 100,000 people
901
00:48:30,492 --> 00:48:32,953
had been imprisoned
throughout Germany.
902
00:48:33,120 --> 00:48:38,208
A'
903
00:48:38,375 --> 00:48:42,629
Meanwhile, Brownshirts stormed
up and down German streets,
904
00:48:42,796 --> 00:48:45,590
beating anyone they decided
looked Jewish,
905
00:48:45,757 --> 00:48:49,428
chanting, "When Jewish blood
spurts off the knife,
906
00:48:49,594 --> 00:48:52,097
everything will be fine again!"
907
00:48:54,641 --> 00:48:55,851
Man: "Chicago Tribune."
908
00:48:57,269 --> 00:48:58,937
Bands of Nazis
throughout Germany
909
00:48:59,104 --> 00:49:01,440
carried out
wholesale raids calculated
910
00:49:01,606 --> 00:49:06,153
to intimidate the opposition,
particularly the Jews.
911
00:49:06,319 --> 00:49:08,697
As hundreds have sworn
in affidavits,
912
00:49:08,864 --> 00:49:13,076
men and women were insulted,
slapped, punched in the face,
913
00:49:13,243 --> 00:49:15,078
hit over the head
with blackjacks,
914
00:49:15,245 --> 00:49:18,331
dragged from their homes
in night clothes.
915
00:49:19,499 --> 00:49:21,209
Never have I seen
law-abiding citizens
916
00:49:21,376 --> 00:49:23,128
living in such terror.
917
00:49:24,296 --> 00:49:25,422
Edmond Taylor.
918
00:49:27,174 --> 00:49:29,094
Narrator: American newspapers
published more than
919
00:49:29,176 --> 00:49:32,846
3,000 stories about
antisemitic incidents
920
00:49:33,013 --> 00:49:37,100
during the first
100 days of Nazi rule.
921
00:49:37,267 --> 00:49:39,311
Greene: Americans who
picked up their papers,
922
00:49:39,478 --> 00:49:40,854
or who listened to the radio,
923
00:49:41,021 --> 00:49:43,565
had access to
a lot of information
924
00:49:43,732 --> 00:49:46,276
about Nazi persecution of Jews.
925
00:49:46,443 --> 00:49:48,570
Is it the lead story? No.
926
00:49:48,737 --> 00:49:51,239
The Depression in the 1930s
is the lead story.
927
00:49:51,406 --> 00:49:53,992
But it's not right to say
the information wasn't there.
928
00:49:54,159 --> 00:49:55,660
The information was there.
929
00:49:55,827 --> 00:49:57,746
A'
930
00:49:57,913 --> 00:50:00,832
Narrator: Many Americans were
appalled by what they read.
931
00:50:02,042 --> 00:50:04,211
But others were skeptical...
Remembering that
932
00:50:04,377 --> 00:50:07,756
lurid anti-German propaganda
from the Great War
933
00:50:07,923 --> 00:50:10,091
had turned out to be false.
934
00:50:11,676 --> 00:50:14,221
Jewish-Americans were
deeply divided as to
935
00:50:14,387 --> 00:50:17,849
what, if anything,
they should try to do about it.
936
00:50:18,016 --> 00:50:19,809
A'
937
00:50:19,976 --> 00:50:23,188
I think a lot of
American Jews were torn between
938
00:50:23,355 --> 00:50:25,273
wanting to ring the alarm
939
00:50:25,440 --> 00:50:28,360
and not wanting
to seem alarmist.
940
00:50:28,527 --> 00:50:30,362
They had just
precariously established
941
00:50:30,529 --> 00:50:32,906
their identities as Americans.
942
00:50:33,073 --> 00:50:34,741
A'
943
00:50:34,908 --> 00:50:36,928
Lipstadt: What's going to make
the situation better?
944
00:50:36,952 --> 00:50:39,162
And no one really knew.
945
00:50:39,329 --> 00:50:42,874
They were also continuously told
by political leaders, you know,
946
00:50:43,041 --> 00:50:44,376
if you speak out
and make a fuss,
947
00:50:44,543 --> 00:50:46,586
it'll only make it worse.
948
00:50:46,753 --> 00:50:50,215
And there was also the fear,
and a legitimate fear,
949
00:50:50,382 --> 00:50:51,967
that if we talk too much
about this,
950
00:50:52,133 --> 00:50:54,344
Americans are going to say,
"Well, that's right.
951
00:50:54,511 --> 00:50:57,764
You know, Jews are like that.
Jews are conniving."
952
00:50:57,931 --> 00:50:58,932
A'
953
00:50:59,099 --> 00:51:00,183
Narrator: On March 20th,
954
00:51:00,350 --> 00:51:01,977
despite a heavy rainstorm,
955
00:51:02,143 --> 00:51:06,064
some 1,500 representatives
of Jewish organizations
956
00:51:06,231 --> 00:51:09,734
gathered in the ballroom of
New York's Hotel Astor,
957
00:51:09,901 --> 00:51:13,572
hoping to find consensus
about what to do.
958
00:51:13,738 --> 00:51:17,576
When many called for a mass
rally at Madison Square Garden
959
00:51:17,742 --> 00:51:20,912
and other demonstrations
across the country,
960
00:51:21,079 --> 00:51:26,209
New York Supreme Court Justice
Joseph Proskauer rose to object.
961
00:51:26,376 --> 00:51:29,754
He begged those present
to vote against public meetings
962
00:51:29,921 --> 00:51:33,258
that could only
further inflame Hitler.
963
00:51:33,425 --> 00:51:37,262
The crowd began to boo,
but he continued:
964
00:51:37,429 --> 00:51:40,432
"I ask you to think
whether you want Jewish blood
965
00:51:40,599 --> 00:51:43,768
to be seen in
the gutters of Germany."
966
00:51:45,478 --> 00:51:50,567
Then Stephen Wise, the best-known
rabbi in America, stood up.
967
00:51:50,734 --> 00:51:53,612
Wise demanded that
Proskauer apologize
968
00:51:53,778 --> 00:51:57,282
for implying that American Jews
could ever be blamed
969
00:51:57,449 --> 00:52:00,535
for what the Nazis did
to German Jews.
970
00:52:00,702 --> 00:52:02,579
A'
971
00:52:02,746 --> 00:52:04,623
Wise had been born in Budapest
972
00:52:04,789 --> 00:52:07,876
and was already so celebrated
that the post office
973
00:52:08,043 --> 00:52:13,381
delivered to him letters
addressed only, "Rabbi, USA."
974
00:52:13,548 --> 00:52:16,718
Worldly, charismatic,
and a brilliant orator,
975
00:52:16,885 --> 00:52:20,263
he had broken from the world
of his orthodox ancestors
976
00:52:20,430 --> 00:52:24,976
to establish the Reform
Free Synagogue in Manhattan.
977
00:52:25,143 --> 00:52:30,148
"The time for prudence
and caution is past," he said.
978
00:52:30,315 --> 00:52:33,234
Man as Wise:
We must speak up like men.
979
00:52:33,401 --> 00:52:35,695
How can we ask
our Christian friends
980
00:52:35,862 --> 00:52:38,239
to lift their voices
in the protest against
981
00:52:38,406 --> 00:52:40,533
the wrongs suffered by Jews
982
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:42,494
if we keep silent?
983
00:52:43,828 --> 00:52:45,622
What is happening
in Germany today
984
00:52:45,789 --> 00:52:48,541
may happen tomorrow
in any other land on Earth
985
00:52:48,708 --> 00:52:52,629
unless it is
challenged and rebuked.
986
00:52:52,796 --> 00:52:56,925
It is not the German Jews
who are being attacked.
987
00:52:57,092 --> 00:52:58,551
It is the Jews.
988
00:53:00,637 --> 00:53:02,347
Narrator: Rabbi Wise prevailed.
989
00:53:02,514 --> 00:53:04,599
The rally at
Madison Square Garden
990
00:53:04,766 --> 00:53:07,519
was scheduled for March 27th.
991
00:53:09,396 --> 00:53:12,023
Meanwhile, Jewish War Veterans
led a march
992
00:53:12,190 --> 00:53:13,900
to New York's City Hall,
993
00:53:14,067 --> 00:53:18,363
calling for a worldwide boycott
of German merchandise.
994
00:53:19,781 --> 00:53:23,618
When Jewish organizations
in England echoed their demand,
995
00:53:23,785 --> 00:53:26,371
the Nazis claimed
that this was proof
996
00:53:26,538 --> 00:53:30,417
the Reich was under attack
by Jews everywhere.
997
00:53:30,583 --> 00:53:33,420
The Nazis denounced
the stories of mistreatment
998
00:53:33,586 --> 00:53:36,548
as lies-Jewish lies.
999
00:53:37,841 --> 00:53:40,719
Hermann Goering, one of
Hitler's closest advisors,
1000
00:53:40,885 --> 00:53:43,888
assured the foreign press
that the German government
1001
00:53:44,055 --> 00:53:47,600
had moved against
Bolsheviks, not Jews.
1002
00:53:47,767 --> 00:53:52,105
No one, he promised, would ever
be "subjected to persecution
1003
00:53:52,272 --> 00:53:55,066
solely because he is a Jew."
1004
00:53:55,233 --> 00:53:57,902
And he also ordered
German Jewish leaders
1005
00:53:58,069 --> 00:54:00,363
to call for
an immediate end to all
1006
00:54:00,530 --> 00:54:04,242
"demonstrations hostile
to Germany."
1007
00:54:04,409 --> 00:54:08,997
Otherwise, Goering said, "We are
going to take our revenge.
1008
00:54:09,164 --> 00:54:13,376
"The Jews in America and England
are hoping to injure us.
1009
00:54:13,543 --> 00:54:17,172
We shall know how to deal with
their brothers in Germany."
1010
00:54:18,590 --> 00:54:20,008
The American embassy in Berlin
1011
00:54:20,175 --> 00:54:23,094
cabled Secretary of State
Cordell Hull
1012
00:54:23,261 --> 00:54:25,472
that it was the Nazis
who were lying,
1013
00:54:25,638 --> 00:54:28,099
that the Jewish situation was
"rapidly taking
1014
00:54:28,266 --> 00:54:30,518
a turn for the worse."
1015
00:54:30,685 --> 00:54:32,187
But Hull insisted that
1016
00:54:32,353 --> 00:54:34,773
the mistreatment was
coming to an end,
1017
00:54:34,939 --> 00:54:37,484
that things would
"revert to normal"
1018
00:54:37,650 --> 00:54:40,945
if the protests in America
would stop.
1019
00:54:41,112 --> 00:54:44,365
A'
1020
00:54:44,532 --> 00:54:46,969
Film announcer: Thousands who
waited hours behind police lines
1021
00:54:46,993 --> 00:54:50,246
rushed forward as the doors of
Madison Square Garden are opened.
1022
00:54:50,413 --> 00:54:52,665
Jews and Gentiles
join in the race for seats
1023
00:54:52,832 --> 00:54:55,126
and 22,000 of them get in.
1024
00:54:58,046 --> 00:55:00,465
Narrator: On March 27, 1933,
1025
00:55:00,632 --> 00:55:03,718
more than 20,000 New Yorkers
packed the Garden
1026
00:55:03,885 --> 00:55:06,679
to show their support
for German Jews;
1027
00:55:07,972 --> 00:55:12,143
35,000 more gathered around
loudspeakers outside.
1028
00:55:13,686 --> 00:55:16,272
Christian clergymen
denounced the Nazis.
1029
00:55:16,439 --> 00:55:17,565
A'
1030
00:55:17,732 --> 00:55:19,526
Former New York governor
Al Smith,
1031
00:55:19,692 --> 00:55:22,654
whose presidential candidacy
in 1928
1032
00:55:22,821 --> 00:55:26,032
had been undercut by
anti-Catholic bigotry,
1033
00:55:26,199 --> 00:55:29,828
equated the Nazis with
the Ku Klux Klan:
1034
00:55:29,994 --> 00:55:31,871
"It don't make any difference
to me," he said,
1035
00:55:32,038 --> 00:55:35,333
"whether it's a brown shirt
or a night shirt."
1036
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:38,086
A'
1037
00:55:38,253 --> 00:55:41,005
Rabbi Wise was
the last to speak.
1038
00:55:43,424 --> 00:55:44,819
Man as Wise:
If things are to be worse
1039
00:55:44,843 --> 00:55:47,345
for our brother-Jews
in Germany,
1040
00:55:47,512 --> 00:55:50,640
which I cannot bring myself
to believe...
1041
00:55:50,807 --> 00:55:54,519
then humbly and sorrowfully,
we bow our heads
1042
00:55:54,686 --> 00:55:58,773
in the presence of the tragic
fate that threatens,
1043
00:55:58,940 --> 00:56:02,527
and once again appeal to
the conscience of Christendom
1044
00:56:02,694 --> 00:56:07,031
to save civilization from
the shame that may be imminent.
1045
00:56:07,198 --> 00:56:09,200
[Crowd cheering]
1046
00:56:12,829 --> 00:56:13,997
A'
1047
00:56:14,163 --> 00:56:15,516
Narrator: Similar rallies
were held
1048
00:56:15,540 --> 00:56:17,709
in Chicago, Philadelphia,
1049
00:56:17,876 --> 00:56:20,753
Boston, Baltimore, and 70 other
1050
00:56:20,920 --> 00:56:24,591
cities and towns across America.
1051
00:56:24,757 --> 00:56:28,052
More than a million Americans
were said to have taken part.
1052
00:56:33,182 --> 00:56:35,393
Hitler now claimed
that Jews controlled
1053
00:56:35,560 --> 00:56:37,478
the United States government.
1054
00:56:37,645 --> 00:56:39,564
He ordered a one-day boycott of
1055
00:56:39,731 --> 00:56:42,942
Jewish businesses
throughout Germany.
1056
00:56:43,109 --> 00:56:45,570
Brownshirts stationed
themselves outside
1057
00:56:45,737 --> 00:56:48,573
shops and office buildings
to intimidate
1058
00:56:48,740 --> 00:56:52,076
anyone who tried
to venture inside.
1059
00:56:52,243 --> 00:56:54,245
[Men speaking German]
1060
00:56:56,205 --> 00:57:01,169
A'
1061
00:57:01,336 --> 00:57:02,712
Narrator: Again and again,
1062
00:57:02,879 --> 00:57:04,923
Jewish-Americans would
find themselves
1063
00:57:05,089 --> 00:57:06,966
in an agonizing quandary:
1064
00:57:07,133 --> 00:57:10,178
if they kept quiet about
Nazi persecution,
1065
00:57:10,345 --> 00:57:13,973
it looked as though they'd
abandoned their fellow Jews;
1066
00:57:14,140 --> 00:57:16,601
if they protested,
they ran the risk of
1067
00:57:16,768 --> 00:57:19,270
seeming to confirm
Hitler's delusions
1068
00:57:19,437 --> 00:57:22,398
about the power of
Jews around the world.
1069
00:57:22,565 --> 00:57:24,567
[Men chanting in German]
1070
00:57:35,578 --> 00:57:37,622
Narrator: Rabbi Wise hoped
that President Roosevelt
1071
00:57:37,789 --> 00:57:40,750
could be persuaded to issue
a formal rebuke
1072
00:57:40,917 --> 00:57:43,503
of the Nazi regime.
1073
00:57:43,670 --> 00:57:45,964
FDR loathed Hitler,
whose "Mein Kampf"
1074
00:57:46,130 --> 00:57:48,466
he had read in
the original German,
1075
00:57:48,633 --> 00:57:51,844
and whom he privately called
"a madman."
1076
00:57:53,221 --> 00:57:55,431
He and Eleanor Roosevelt
had both been brought up
1077
00:57:55,598 --> 00:57:58,184
in a rarified patrician world
in which
1078
00:57:58,351 --> 00:58:01,187
antisemitism was commonplace.
1079
00:58:02,438 --> 00:58:05,483
But life in the multi-ethnic
world of New York politics
1080
00:58:05,650 --> 00:58:07,944
had altered their perspective.
1081
00:58:08,111 --> 00:58:11,990
FDR was seen as a friend
by American Jews.
1082
00:58:12,156 --> 00:58:13,700
A'
1083
00:58:13,866 --> 00:58:15,827
Lipstadt: He knew a lot of
Jews and he's close,
1084
00:58:15,994 --> 00:58:18,579
he's a neighbor of Morgenthau,
1085
00:58:18,746 --> 00:58:21,582
who will go onto be
secretary of the treasury.
1086
00:58:21,749 --> 00:58:23,376
[Cheering and applause]
1087
00:58:23,543 --> 00:58:25,628
But he wants to be very careful.
1088
00:58:25,795 --> 00:58:30,842
He knows he has a horrific
financial situation
1089
00:58:31,009 --> 00:58:32,844
facing the United States.
1090
00:58:33,011 --> 00:58:34,637
[Crowd cheering]
1091
00:58:34,804 --> 00:58:37,265
Narrator: In 1932, FDR had been
1092
00:58:37,432 --> 00:58:40,601
the first major party candidate
ever publicly
1093
00:58:40,768 --> 00:58:43,604
to denounce prejudice
against Jews
1094
00:58:43,771 --> 00:58:47,150
and had been rewarded with
between 70% and 80%
1095
00:58:47,316 --> 00:58:49,444
of the Jewish-American vote.
1096
00:58:49,610 --> 00:58:51,154
A'
1097
00:58:51,320 --> 00:58:53,031
The federal government
had always been
1098
00:58:53,197 --> 00:58:57,368
the private preserve of
white Anglo-Saxon Protestants.
1099
00:58:57,535 --> 00:59:00,913
FDR opened it up to
men and women of talent,
1100
00:59:01,080 --> 00:59:03,082
regardless of their faith.
1101
00:59:03,249 --> 00:59:06,586
He appointed more Jews
to his administration
1102
00:59:06,753 --> 00:59:08,838
than any president before him.
1103
00:59:10,339 --> 00:59:13,426
But much of their counsel
continued to be divided,
1104
00:59:13,593 --> 00:59:16,721
and most of those closest
to Roosevelt warned that
1105
00:59:16,888 --> 00:59:21,392
speaking out would only further
endanger Jews in Germany...
1106
00:59:21,559 --> 00:59:25,104
And intensify antisemitism
at home.
1107
00:59:25,271 --> 00:59:26,773
A'
1108
00:59:26,939 --> 00:59:29,233
Lipstadt: If anything,
they pulled him back.
1109
00:59:29,400 --> 00:59:31,360
Don't get involved,
don't make a statement,
1110
00:59:31,527 --> 00:59:33,279
you'll only make it worse.
1111
00:59:33,446 --> 00:59:36,032
A'
1112
00:59:36,199 --> 00:59:38,117
Narrator: Roosevelt would
for now side with
1113
00:59:38,284 --> 00:59:41,370
those who urged caution,
hoping that
1114
00:59:41,537 --> 00:59:45,541
conciliatory gestures to Hitler
on other fronts
1115
00:59:45,708 --> 00:59:47,794
might encourage moderation.
1116
00:59:51,839 --> 00:59:53,841
[Children shouting indistinctly]
1117
00:59:56,969 --> 00:59:59,514
[Man speaking German]
1118
00:59:59,680 --> 01:00:01,891
Stern: It was
a gradual process.
1119
01:00:02,058 --> 01:00:04,018
[Man speaking German]
1120
01:00:05,770 --> 01:00:11,109
First, there were some kids
who didn't greet you anymore.
1121
01:00:11,275 --> 01:00:18,366
But it was so gradual that
you accepted, or not accepted,
1122
01:00:18,533 --> 01:00:23,621
but tried to ignore
these early manifestations
1123
01:00:23,788 --> 01:00:28,918
of a change of ideology
into evil.
1124
01:00:29,085 --> 01:00:32,672
A'
1125
01:00:32,839 --> 01:00:34,966
Man: Everything was fine
until, I don't know,
1126
01:00:35,133 --> 01:00:36,926
I was maybe 3 or 4.
1127
01:00:37,093 --> 01:00:39,303
One of the kids
that I played with
1128
01:00:39,470 --> 01:00:42,473
called me a dirty Jew
and beat me up.
1129
01:00:42,640 --> 01:00:46,853
So, after that, I stopped going
to play in the courtyard.
1130
01:00:47,019 --> 01:00:48,729
Narrator:
Sol Messinger's parents,
1131
01:00:48,896 --> 01:00:51,482
like thousands of other
Polish Jews,
1132
01:00:51,649 --> 01:00:53,192
had emigrated to Germany,
1133
01:00:53,359 --> 01:00:57,613
hoping to escape poverty
and antisemitism.
1134
01:00:57,780 --> 01:01:00,533
They settled in Berlin,
which had been one of
1135
01:01:00,700 --> 01:01:02,827
the most tolerant cities
in Europe.
1136
01:01:02,994 --> 01:01:04,954
A'
1137
01:01:05,121 --> 01:01:07,832
Messinger: Across the street
from us, on the ground floor,
1138
01:01:07,999 --> 01:01:10,084
there were many shops.
1139
01:01:10,251 --> 01:01:12,670
About half of them
were Jewish owned.
1140
01:01:12,837 --> 01:01:18,342
And I remember one day,
I saw crowds of people forming.
1141
01:01:18,509 --> 01:01:21,846
And eventually somebody threw
a rock through the window,
1142
01:01:22,013 --> 01:01:23,306
broke the windows.
1143
01:01:23,472 --> 01:01:24,700
And the people
went into the stores
1144
01:01:24,724 --> 01:01:27,351
and simply took the merchandise.
1145
01:01:27,518 --> 01:01:29,312
There were policemen
standing there,
1146
01:01:29,478 --> 01:01:32,356
and they did absolutely nothing.
1147
01:01:32,523 --> 01:01:34,025
They just allowed it to happen.
1148
01:01:34,192 --> 01:01:35,860
A'
1149
01:01:36,027 --> 01:01:38,863
Narrator: Susan and Joseph
Hilsenrath lived with
1150
01:01:39,030 --> 01:01:42,825
their parents and little brother
in western Germany.
1151
01:01:42,992 --> 01:01:45,661
Susan Hilsenrath: I was born
in a small town in Germany,
1152
01:01:45,828 --> 01:01:47,705
in Bad Kreuznach.
1153
01:01:47,872 --> 01:01:51,876
Our life was pretty good.
My father had a linen store.
1154
01:01:52,043 --> 01:01:53,711
And we, he was doing really well
1155
01:01:53,878 --> 01:01:56,380
and taking good care
of his family.
1156
01:01:56,547 --> 01:02:00,384
We were very happy
living in our house
1157
01:02:00,551 --> 01:02:04,263
until Hitler came into power.
1158
01:02:04,430 --> 01:02:07,183
They boycotted
my father's store.
1159
01:02:07,350 --> 01:02:10,978
He wasn't able to make
a living for us anymore.
1160
01:02:11,145 --> 01:02:13,373
Joseph Hilsenrath: With the
rise of the Nazis, of course,
1161
01:02:13,397 --> 01:02:15,524
he had to close his business.
1162
01:02:17,193 --> 01:02:24,408
And he peddled
fruits and vegetables as...
1163
01:02:24,575 --> 01:02:26,911
To... just to make a living.
1164
01:02:27,078 --> 01:02:29,538
And, but he managed, somehow.
1165
01:02:29,705 --> 01:02:32,541
I'm flabbergasted
when I think about it.
1166
01:02:32,708 --> 01:02:37,004
We moved to an apartment,
and then another apartment.
1167
01:02:37,171 --> 01:02:40,758
So, it was, each step
was a down step.
1168
01:02:40,925 --> 01:02:45,888
And it was always because
we were Jewish, we had to move.
1169
01:02:46,055 --> 01:02:47,765
Susan Hilsenrath:
My parents did want us
1170
01:02:47,932 --> 01:02:53,479
to have a normal childhood
in an impossible situation.
1171
01:02:53,646 --> 01:02:55,231
I mean, we couldn't help
but see.
1172
01:02:55,398 --> 01:02:57,566
I mean, we were
intelligent children.
1173
01:02:57,733 --> 01:03:00,778
But we didn't
understand, really,
1174
01:03:00,945 --> 01:03:04,031
that it was going
to get any worse.
1175
01:03:04,198 --> 01:03:05,658
And I guess maybe a lot of Jews
1176
01:03:05,825 --> 01:03:08,411
that were living in Germany
at the time
1177
01:03:08,577 --> 01:03:12,456
didn't know that it was
going to get worse, but it did.
1178
01:03:12,623 --> 01:03:14,583
A'
1179
01:03:14,750 --> 01:03:17,795
Narrator: On the evening
of May 10, 1933,
1180
01:03:17,962 --> 01:03:22,091
students in Berlin and some
30 other university towns
1181
01:03:22,258 --> 01:03:24,427
raided their campus libraries,
1182
01:03:24,593 --> 01:03:28,055
carried out armloads
of books by Jewish authors
1183
01:03:28,222 --> 01:03:31,767
and by those Gentile writers
deemed by the Nazis
1184
01:03:31,934 --> 01:03:34,437
to embody
an un-German spirit,
1185
01:03:34,603 --> 01:03:37,773
and flung them into bonfires.
1186
01:03:37,940 --> 01:03:41,277
Writings by Sigmund Freud
and Albert Einstein,
1187
01:03:41,444 --> 01:03:45,281
Thomas Mann and Ernest Hemingway
and Rosa Luxemburg
1188
01:03:45,448 --> 01:03:49,327
and scores of others
all went up in flames.
1189
01:03:50,661 --> 01:03:53,122
The book-burning marked
the end of a month
1190
01:03:53,289 --> 01:03:55,541
during which the Reich
had promulgated
1191
01:03:55,708 --> 01:03:59,170
its first openly
anti-Jewish laws.
1192
01:03:59,337 --> 01:04:00,838
With certain exceptions,
1193
01:04:01,005 --> 01:04:05,301
men and women of so-called
non-Aryan ancestry
1194
01:04:05,468 --> 01:04:08,304
were ordered to leave
government service.
1195
01:04:08,471 --> 01:04:11,349
Jewish doctors and dentists
were barred
1196
01:04:11,515 --> 01:04:15,478
from treating patients enrolled
in the government health system.
1197
01:04:15,644 --> 01:04:19,231
Jews were no longer permitted
to enter the legal profession.
1198
01:04:19,398 --> 01:04:21,859
Jewish editors and journalists,
1199
01:04:22,026 --> 01:04:26,614
artists, and musicians
lost their livelihoods.
1200
01:04:26,781 --> 01:04:32,036
Joseph Goebbels, Hitler's Minister of
Public Enlightenment and Propaganda,
1201
01:04:32,203 --> 01:04:35,373
presided over the
book-burning in Berlin.
1202
01:04:35,539 --> 01:04:41,128
He exulted that it marked the
end of Jewish intellectualism.
1203
01:04:41,295 --> 01:04:43,422
Lipstadt: It's step by step.
1204
01:04:43,589 --> 01:04:45,383
Jewish judges are fired.
1205
01:04:45,549 --> 01:04:48,219
Jewish lawyers who work
in the courts are fired.
1206
01:04:48,386 --> 01:04:50,471
Jewish teachers are fired.
1207
01:04:50,638 --> 01:04:53,224
The Nazis were very attuned
1208
01:04:53,391 --> 01:04:55,684
to what the public reaction
would be.
1209
01:04:55,851 --> 01:04:58,771
It was drip, drip, drip.
1210
01:04:58,938 --> 01:04:59,939
They're jlldging-
1211
01:05:00,106 --> 01:05:01,399
They're very careful
1212
01:05:01,565 --> 01:05:04,485
of what the German people
will accept.
1213
01:05:06,112 --> 01:05:08,864
Narrator: Hitler eliminated
opposition parties,
1214
01:05:09,031 --> 01:05:11,492
crushed the labor unions,
1215
01:05:11,659 --> 01:05:15,663
and would eventually order
the murder of potential rivals.
1216
01:05:15,830 --> 01:05:17,540
[Hitler speaking German]
1217
01:05:17,706 --> 01:05:20,209
Narrator: The goal of the
Nazi government, Goebbels said,
1218
01:05:20,376 --> 01:05:22,878
was that "there should be
only one opinion,
1219
01:05:23,045 --> 01:05:26,841
one party, and one
faith in Germany."
1220
01:05:28,926 --> 01:05:33,055
Woman: There are to be no minorities
of opinion in the new Germany
1221
01:05:33,222 --> 01:05:36,267
and no division of loyalties.
1222
01:05:36,434 --> 01:05:38,853
Most men will wear uniforms,
1223
01:05:39,019 --> 01:05:41,021
the badge of their membership
in that secret,
1224
01:05:41,188 --> 01:05:43,399
mystic community
of blood-brothers,
1225
01:05:43,566 --> 01:05:45,192
the German state.
1226
01:05:45,359 --> 01:05:48,446
Women will, by preference,
wear kitchen aprons
1227
01:05:48,612 --> 01:05:50,698
and will stay home and take
care of the children,
1228
01:05:50,865 --> 01:05:54,785
which they will gladly bear
in large numbers for Germany.
1229
01:05:54,952 --> 01:05:57,621
They will not hold
political opinions,
1230
01:05:57,788 --> 01:06:01,625
but then, neither
will anyone else.
1231
01:06:01,792 --> 01:06:03,002
Dorothy Thompson.
1232
01:06:03,169 --> 01:06:05,379
"Saturday Evening Post."
1233
01:06:05,546 --> 01:06:08,799
Narrator: It was not easy
for foreign correspondents
1234
01:06:08,966 --> 01:06:12,052
to report what was really
happening in Germany.
1235
01:06:12,219 --> 01:06:15,097
Sources were often
too frightened to talk.
1236
01:06:15,264 --> 01:06:18,684
Reporters were reluctant
to quote witnesses by name
1237
01:06:18,851 --> 01:06:21,770
for fear of betraying them
to the secret police,
1238
01:06:21,937 --> 01:06:24,190
called the Gestapo.
1239
01:06:24,356 --> 01:06:27,067
The Nazis controlled
the German press
1240
01:06:27,234 --> 01:06:31,280
and exhorted foreigners to
"report on affairs in Germany
1241
01:06:31,447 --> 01:06:34,241
without attempting
to interpret them."
1242
01:06:34,408 --> 01:06:38,329
What that meant, the American
journalist William L. Shirer
1243
01:06:38,496 --> 01:06:40,331
wrote in his diary,
1244
01:06:40,498 --> 01:06:44,335
"is that we should jump on the
bandwagon of Nazi propaganda."
1245
01:06:45,753 --> 01:06:50,257
But the best American journalists
did write about what was going on,
1246
01:06:50,424 --> 01:06:53,844
however much the Nazi government
tried to hide it.
1247
01:06:55,012 --> 01:06:57,848
Edgar Ansel Mowrer of
the "Chicago Daily News"
1248
01:06:58,015 --> 01:07:01,727
covered Hitler's rise to power
with such brutal candor
1249
01:07:01,894 --> 01:07:04,396
that in the summer of 1933,
1250
01:07:04,563 --> 01:07:07,441
the Nazis made it clear
they could no longer
1251
01:07:07,608 --> 01:07:09,985
guarantee his safety in Berlin.
1252
01:07:11,529 --> 01:07:13,489
As Mowrer was leaving
the country,
1253
01:07:13,656 --> 01:07:18,327
a Nazi official asked when he
thought he might return to Germany.
1254
01:07:18,494 --> 01:07:21,455
The American answered,
"When I come back
1255
01:07:21,622 --> 01:07:24,542
with about two million
of my countrymen."
1256
01:07:26,335 --> 01:07:29,713
Dorothy Thompson's turn would
come the following summer.
1257
01:07:29,880 --> 01:07:33,175
She had covered Europe
off and on since 1920,
1258
01:07:33,342 --> 01:07:36,011
earning a reputation
for vivid reporting
1259
01:07:36,178 --> 01:07:38,847
and for making herself
part of her stories.
1260
01:07:39,014 --> 01:07:42,560
She had interviewed Hitler
for "Cosmopolitan" magazine
1261
01:07:42,726 --> 01:07:44,562
before he came to power
1262
01:07:44,728 --> 01:07:49,233
and had dismissed him then as
"formless, faceless, insecure,
1263
01:07:49,400 --> 01:07:53,195
the very prototype
of the little man."
1264
01:07:53,362 --> 01:07:55,698
But she had also read
"Mein Kampf,"
1265
01:07:55,864 --> 01:07:58,909
saw that Hitler's nightmare
vision of Germany's future
1266
01:07:59,076 --> 01:08:01,328
was fast becoming a reality,
1267
01:08:01,495 --> 01:08:04,415
and refused to mince
words while saying so.
1268
01:08:04,582 --> 01:08:09,253
"The situation for the Jews is
just ghastly, helpless," she said.
1269
01:08:09,420 --> 01:08:13,299
"Not only are the reports about
the atrocities unexaggerated,
1270
01:08:13,465 --> 01:08:15,801
they are underrated."
1271
01:08:15,968 --> 01:08:18,762
She returned to America
for a time,
1272
01:08:18,929 --> 01:08:22,766
but continued to write for the
"Jewish Daily Bulletin" in New York.
1273
01:08:23,934 --> 01:08:28,397
When she visited Germany again
in the summer of 1934,
1274
01:08:28,564 --> 01:08:32,610
Hitler, who had never forgotten
her scornful article about him
1275
01:08:32,776 --> 01:08:35,571
and was appalled that she,
a non-Jew,
1276
01:08:35,738 --> 01:08:38,157
had written for
a Jewish publication,
1277
01:08:38,324 --> 01:08:43,245
personally ordered her out of
the country within 24 hours.
1278
01:08:45,581 --> 01:08:47,666
On the morning of August 26th,
1279
01:08:47,833 --> 01:08:49,835
she boarded a train for France,
1280
01:08:50,002 --> 01:08:53,839
her arms filled with
American Beauty roses given her
1281
01:08:54,006 --> 01:08:56,216
by her admiring colleagues.
1282
01:08:56,383 --> 01:08:58,594
"L really was put out of Germany
1283
01:08:58,761 --> 01:09:01,639
for the crime of blasphemy,"
she commented.
1284
01:09:01,805 --> 01:09:04,308
"My offense was to
think that Hitler
1285
01:09:04,475 --> 01:09:07,394
is just an ordinary man."
1286
01:09:07,561 --> 01:09:09,229
Thompson: There seems
to me to be
1287
01:09:09,396 --> 01:09:12,399
a certain misunderstanding
about the Hitler movement.
1288
01:09:12,566 --> 01:09:16,111
A great many people seem to think
that the persecution of the Jews,
1289
01:09:16,278 --> 01:09:18,864
which has followed the
accession to power of Hitler,
1290
01:09:19,031 --> 01:09:21,200
is the result of something
that they have done.
1291
01:09:21,367 --> 01:09:24,244
As a matter of fact,
antisemitism has been a plank
1292
01:09:24,411 --> 01:09:27,623
in the National Socialist
platform for 13 years.
1293
01:09:27,790 --> 01:09:30,501
So-called civilized people
didn't believe
1294
01:09:30,668 --> 01:09:31,835
that if they came to power,
1295
01:09:32,002 --> 01:09:33,271
they would carry
this program out.
1296
01:09:33,295 --> 01:09:35,047
A'
1297
01:09:35,214 --> 01:09:37,007
Narrator: Thompson's
expulsion made her
1298
01:09:37,174 --> 01:09:39,843
an instant celebrity
in the United States.
1299
01:09:40,010 --> 01:09:42,513
She undertook a 30-city
lecture tour,
1300
01:09:42,680 --> 01:09:45,808
warning that, "Germany has
gone to war already
1301
01:09:45,974 --> 01:09:48,519
and the rest of the world
does not believe it."
1302
01:09:48,686 --> 01:09:50,270
And in a syndicated column,
1303
01:09:50,437 --> 01:09:53,607
she called upon Washington
again and again
1304
01:09:53,774 --> 01:09:57,152
to ease the barriers that kept
desperate German Jews
1305
01:09:57,319 --> 01:09:59,863
from emigrating
to the United States.
1306
01:10:01,198 --> 01:10:04,201
But the State Department
claimed that very few
1307
01:10:04,368 --> 01:10:06,537
actually wanted
to come to America.
1308
01:10:06,704 --> 01:10:08,205
A'
1309
01:10:08,372 --> 01:10:10,249
Erbelding: In the
1930s and 1940s,
1310
01:10:10,416 --> 01:10:12,209
you could be openly antisemitic
1311
01:10:12,376 --> 01:10:14,753
and serve as a
State Department official.
1312
01:10:14,920 --> 01:10:16,630
The rest of Washington
is changing.
1313
01:10:16,797 --> 01:10:18,837
They're changing under
the Roosevelt Administration.
1314
01:10:18,966 --> 01:10:20,676
They're changing with
the New Deal.
1315
01:10:20,843 --> 01:10:22,862
But State Department officials
were more conservative,
1316
01:10:22,886 --> 01:10:25,514
they were more antisemitic,
they were more nativist,
1317
01:10:25,681 --> 01:10:29,977
at least openly, than anywhere
else in Washington.
1318
01:10:30,144 --> 01:10:32,229
Narrator: Consular officials
in Berlin
1319
01:10:32,396 --> 01:10:34,106
and everywhere else in Europe
1320
01:10:34,273 --> 01:10:37,735
continued zealously to enforce
the old directive
1321
01:10:37,901 --> 01:10:40,863
to deny a visa to any
would-be immigrant
1322
01:10:41,029 --> 01:10:43,323
"likely to become
a public charge,"
1323
01:10:43,490 --> 01:10:46,577
and therefore required
extensive data
1324
01:10:46,744 --> 01:10:49,913
on each applicant's
financial resources.
1325
01:10:50,080 --> 01:10:51,498
Lipstadt: The American diplomat
1326
01:10:51,665 --> 01:10:54,001
at certain consulates
giving out visas
1327
01:10:54,168 --> 01:10:56,670
would have to essentially
engage in divination.
1328
01:10:56,837 --> 01:11:00,090
Is this person likely to
become a public charge?
1329
01:11:00,257 --> 01:11:02,593
Well, they say they have
an uncle who will support them,
1330
01:11:02,760 --> 01:11:05,655
we have all these letters, but an uncle
is not a parent, it's not a sibling.
1331
01:11:05,679 --> 01:11:07,765
You couldn't come
if you already had a job,
1332
01:11:07,931 --> 01:11:10,251
because that meant you were
taking a job away from America.
1333
01:11:10,350 --> 01:11:12,030
You couldn't come if
you didn't have a job,
1334
01:11:12,144 --> 01:11:14,146
because it meant you
might end up on the dole
1335
01:11:14,313 --> 01:11:16,648
or have to get
government support.
1336
01:11:16,815 --> 01:11:19,151
Narrator: They also
continued to insist upon
1337
01:11:19,318 --> 01:11:23,405
duplicate copies of birth
certificates and government documents
1338
01:11:23,572 --> 01:11:26,992
attesting to an
applicant's good character.
1339
01:11:27,159 --> 01:11:30,120
"It seems quite preposterous,"
one man recalled,
1340
01:11:30,287 --> 01:11:32,039
"to have to go to your enemy
1341
01:11:32,206 --> 01:11:35,167
and ask for
a character reference."
1342
01:11:36,502 --> 01:11:38,128
Having made it nearly impossible
1343
01:11:38,295 --> 01:11:40,964
for Jewish Germans
to obtain visas,
1344
01:11:41,131 --> 01:11:44,218
the State Department then cited
the lack of applicants
1345
01:11:44,384 --> 01:11:46,136
to reassure the White House
1346
01:11:46,303 --> 01:11:49,640
that there was no
immigration crisis.
1347
01:11:49,807 --> 01:11:53,352
Congressman Emanuel Celler
accused the consular service
1348
01:11:53,519 --> 01:11:57,606
of having "a heartbeat
muffled in protocol."
1349
01:11:57,773 --> 01:12:02,027
Frances Perkins, Roosevelt's
Secretary of Labor,
1350
01:12:02,194 --> 01:12:05,280
sided with critics of
the State Department.
1351
01:12:05,447 --> 01:12:09,326
The first woman ever to serve
in a presidential cabinet,
1352
01:12:09,493 --> 01:12:12,913
she had known and worked
with immigrants all her life,
1353
01:12:13,080 --> 01:12:17,000
believed the United States
should be a haven for refugees,
1354
01:12:17,167 --> 01:12:20,629
and promoted a plan
to make their entry easier.
1355
01:12:20,796 --> 01:12:25,342
But the State Department
refused to relax its rules.
1356
01:12:25,509 --> 01:12:30,681
"If ships begin to arrive in New York
City laden with Jewish immigrants,"
1357
01:12:30,848 --> 01:12:32,975
one consular official wrote,
1358
01:12:33,141 --> 01:12:36,353
"the predominant Gentile
population of the country
1359
01:12:36,520 --> 01:12:38,355
"will claim they
have been betrayed
1360
01:12:38,522 --> 01:12:42,276
through a sleeping
State Department."
1361
01:12:42,442 --> 01:12:47,614
Public opinion overwhelmingly
opposed loosening restrictions.
1362
01:12:47,781 --> 01:12:49,658
Lipstadt:
People were out of jobs.
1363
01:12:49,825 --> 01:12:51,618
People were standing
on food lines.
1364
01:12:51,785 --> 01:12:53,805
"You're going to ask me to
worry about the persecution
1365
01:12:53,829 --> 01:12:58,125
"of 600,000 or 585,000
Jews in Germany?
1366
01:12:58,292 --> 01:13:00,502
I can't feed my family."
1367
01:13:02,045 --> 01:13:05,257
Narrator: And Roosevelt's
willingness to work alongside Jews
1368
01:13:05,424 --> 01:13:07,926
had already become a source
of controversy.
1369
01:13:08,093 --> 01:13:13,056
Right-wing orators now denounced
what they called the Jew Deal.
1370
01:13:13,223 --> 01:13:16,351
Others claimed FDR
himself was a Jew
1371
01:13:16,518 --> 01:13:18,896
whose real name was Rosenfeld.
1372
01:13:19,062 --> 01:13:21,064
A'
1373
01:13:21,231 --> 01:13:25,360
Antisemitic organizations proliferated
across the United States,
1374
01:13:25,527 --> 01:13:29,781
more than 100 of them
before the decade's end.
1375
01:13:29,948 --> 01:13:33,076
On the East Coast,
William Dudley Pelley,
1376
01:13:33,243 --> 01:13:37,205
a mystic who believed he took
his orders directly from Jesus,
1377
01:13:37,372 --> 01:13:40,083
led a para-military
fascist organization
1378
01:13:40,250 --> 01:13:42,711
modeled after
the Nazi Brownshirts
1379
01:13:42,878 --> 01:13:45,797
called the
Silver Legion of America
1380
01:13:45,964 --> 01:13:50,510
and claimed there were 22 million
Communists in the United States,
1381
01:13:50,677 --> 01:13:54,222
all of them following
orders from rabbis.
1382
01:13:54,389 --> 01:13:58,143
In the Midwest, an evangelist
named Gerald Winrod
1383
01:13:58,310 --> 01:14:00,228
assured his radio listeners
1384
01:14:00,395 --> 01:14:03,982
that Roosevelt was
a "devil" controlled by Jews,
1385
01:14:04,149 --> 01:14:06,443
while Hitler was a "man's man"
1386
01:14:06,610 --> 01:14:10,197
and a stalwart defender
of Christianity.
1387
01:14:10,364 --> 01:14:14,034
A group that called itself
the Friends of the New Germany
1388
01:14:14,201 --> 01:14:17,245
desecrated synagogue walls
with swastikas.
1389
01:14:17,412 --> 01:14:18,914
A'
1390
01:14:19,081 --> 01:14:20,916
And Father Charles Coughlin,
1391
01:14:21,083 --> 01:14:24,628
a Detroit priest with
a radio audience of millions,
1392
01:14:24,795 --> 01:14:28,298
blamed "Shyl0cks" and
"international bankers,"
1393
01:14:28,465 --> 01:14:31,969
code words for Jews,
for the Depression.
1394
01:14:32,135 --> 01:14:37,265
Would drive the money changers
from the temple, and you did it.
1395
01:14:37,432 --> 01:14:39,309
[All cheering]
1396
01:14:39,476 --> 01:14:44,564
Lipstadt: He begins to give
overtly, unquestionably
1397
01:14:44,731 --> 01:14:47,150
antisemitic sermons,
1398
01:14:47,317 --> 01:14:49,194
many of which come
straight out of Goebbels,
1399
01:14:49,361 --> 01:14:52,781
many of which come straight
out of German propaganda.
1400
01:14:52,948 --> 01:14:55,701
And millions of Americans
tune in.
1401
01:14:55,867 --> 01:14:57,703
A'
1402
01:14:57,869 --> 01:15:01,081
Narrator: A visitor to the
White House reported that FDR
1403
01:15:01,248 --> 01:15:04,543
was "quite apprehensive of
the growing antisemitic
1404
01:15:04,710 --> 01:15:08,839
and pro-Nazi sentiment
in the United States."
1405
01:15:09,006 --> 01:15:10,215
[Whistle blows]
1406
01:15:10,382 --> 01:15:13,135
Meanwhile in early 1935,
1407
01:15:13,301 --> 01:15:15,429
Hitler revealed that
he had begun to build
1408
01:15:15,595 --> 01:15:18,140
an air force, the Luftwaffe,
1409
01:15:18,306 --> 01:15:21,101
and called for a massive
rearmament program...
1410
01:15:21,268 --> 01:15:25,355
Artillery, submarines,
an immense army,
1411
01:15:25,522 --> 01:15:29,776
all of it in flagrant violation
of the Versailles Treaty.
1412
01:15:32,112 --> 01:15:40,112
A'
1413
01:15:41,163 --> 01:15:44,833
On the night of July 26,1935,
1414
01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:48,670
the SS Bremen was preparing
to set sail for Germany
1415
01:15:48,837 --> 01:15:50,881
from Pier 86 in Manhattan.
1416
01:15:51,048 --> 01:15:52,466
A'
1417
01:15:52,632 --> 01:15:54,217
She flew two flags...
1418
01:15:54,384 --> 01:15:56,595
The imperial German colors
1419
01:15:56,762 --> 01:16:01,058
and at the bow, the crooked
cross of the Nazi swastika.
1420
01:16:02,684 --> 01:16:05,896
1,300 passengers
and elegantly-dressed friends
1421
01:16:06,063 --> 01:16:08,231
had come aboard to see them off.
1422
01:16:08,398 --> 01:16:12,277
So had several thousand
curiosity-seekers.
1423
01:16:12,444 --> 01:16:17,699
A dozen New York merchant seamen
had also slipped aboard.
1424
01:16:17,866 --> 01:16:21,161
The American Communist Party
Club on 10th Street
1425
01:16:21,328 --> 01:16:25,582
had sent them to avenge a sailor
who had been jailed in Hamburg
1426
01:16:25,749 --> 01:16:28,627
for possessing anti-Nazi
literature.
1427
01:16:30,212 --> 01:16:32,714
When it was time for guests
to disembark,
1428
01:16:32,881 --> 01:16:35,550
the seamen charged
toward the bow.
1429
01:16:35,717 --> 01:16:39,346
New York cops and German crewmen
tried to stop them.
1430
01:16:39,513 --> 01:16:41,681
One officer was badly beaten,
1431
01:16:41,848 --> 01:16:44,434
one invader was shot
in the thigh.
1432
01:16:44,601 --> 01:16:48,146
But two men managed to
make it to the Nazi flag,
1433
01:16:48,313 --> 01:16:49,981
and as onlookers cheered,
1434
01:16:50,148 --> 01:16:53,360
they cut it loose
and hurled it into the Hudson.
1435
01:16:53,527 --> 01:16:55,946
A'
1436
01:16:56,113 --> 01:16:59,574
6 men were arrested and
arraigned before a judge,
1437
01:16:59,741 --> 01:17:03,078
a Russian immigrant
named Louis Brodsky.
1438
01:17:03,245 --> 01:17:07,290
He jailed one protestor because
he had worn brass knuckles.
1439
01:17:07,457 --> 01:17:09,459
But he let the others go.
1440
01:17:09,626 --> 01:17:11,294
The swastika, he said,
1441
01:17:11,461 --> 01:17:14,214
was nothing but "a black
flag of piracy."
1442
01:17:14,381 --> 01:17:17,342
It represented
"a revolt against civilization,
1443
01:17:17,509 --> 01:17:21,972
a merciless war against
religion, against freedoms."
1444
01:17:23,181 --> 01:17:27,102
Nazi leaders eagerly
exploited the incident.
1445
01:17:27,269 --> 01:17:31,106
An "impudent Jew in his
bottomless hatred for Germany,"
1446
01:17:31,273 --> 01:17:35,152
Hermann Goering said, had
insulted the whole country.
1447
01:17:35,318 --> 01:17:38,780
A formal protest was made
to the State Department.
1448
01:17:38,947 --> 01:17:43,660
Secretary Hull said he would not
question Judge Brodsky's decision,
1449
01:17:43,827 --> 01:17:46,997
but he did express "regret"
that the judge had indulged
1450
01:17:47,164 --> 01:17:50,167
in "expressions offensive
to another government
1451
01:17:50,333 --> 01:17:53,545
with which we have
official relations."
1452
01:17:53,712 --> 01:17:55,881
Hitler was not mollified.
1453
01:17:56,047 --> 01:18:00,177
At the annual Nazi party rally
at Nuremberg in September,
1454
01:18:00,343 --> 01:18:04,181
the swastika was declared
the German national flag.
1455
01:18:04,347 --> 01:18:09,311
"It," Goering said, "has become
for us a holy symbol.
1456
01:18:09,477 --> 01:18:13,315
It is the anti-Jewish symbol
for the world."
1457
01:18:14,900 --> 01:18:19,362
At Nuremberg, the Nazis also
issued a series of new
1458
01:18:19,529 --> 01:18:23,491
and still more harsh
antisemitic laws.
1459
01:18:25,243 --> 01:18:28,663
Jews, and potentially
anyone opposed to the Reich,
1460
01:18:28,830 --> 01:18:32,584
would become subjects,
not citizens, of Germany,
1461
01:18:32,751 --> 01:18:35,962
with no political rights at all.
1462
01:18:36,129 --> 01:18:40,050
To uphold the supposed racial
purity of the German people,
1463
01:18:40,217 --> 01:18:43,428
these laws banned marriage
or sexual relations
1464
01:18:43,595 --> 01:18:46,389
between Jews and persons
of what they called
1465
01:18:46,556 --> 01:18:48,683
"German or kindred blood."
1466
01:18:48,850 --> 01:18:50,769
A'
1467
01:18:50,936 --> 01:18:53,396
The German jurists
who wrote these laws
1468
01:18:53,563 --> 01:18:57,067
had closely studied statutes
in the United States
1469
01:18:57,234 --> 01:19:00,445
that had for decades
reduced African Americans
1470
01:19:00,612 --> 01:19:02,572
to second-class citizens
1471
01:19:02,739 --> 01:19:06,868
and barred interracial marriage
in 30 states.
1472
01:19:07,035 --> 01:19:08,828
A'
1473
01:19:08,995 --> 01:19:11,831
Greene: Even as the Nazis are
writing the Nuremberg Laws
1474
01:19:11,998 --> 01:19:15,210
that stripped Jews of
their citizenship in 1935,
1475
01:19:15,377 --> 01:19:18,797
they're looking to Jim Crow
laws in the United States
1476
01:19:18,964 --> 01:19:22,259
to understand segregation here.
1477
01:19:22,425 --> 01:19:24,678
Hayes: And when the
Nazis were reproached
1478
01:19:24,844 --> 01:19:27,722
for discrimination
against Jews in Germany,
1479
01:19:27,889 --> 01:19:31,476
their first answer was
"Mississippi."
1480
01:19:31,643 --> 01:19:33,895
They were able to say,
"ln the United States,
1481
01:19:34,062 --> 01:19:37,107
"you say that we should
not treat these people
1482
01:19:37,274 --> 01:19:40,735
"whom we regard as inferior
badly, but you do it.
1483
01:19:40,902 --> 01:19:42,462
"You have lynching in
the United States.
1484
01:19:42,612 --> 01:19:44,281
"You make it difficult
for them to vote.
1485
01:19:44,447 --> 01:19:46,950
So how dare you reproach us
for this?"
1486
01:19:47,117 --> 01:19:49,286
A'
1487
01:19:49,452 --> 01:19:52,622
Erbelding: African American newspapers
at the time here in the U.S.,
1488
01:19:52,789 --> 01:19:54,666
they're saying, "You,
the American people,
1489
01:19:54,833 --> 01:19:56,835
"seem to be upset about
what Hitler is doing.
1490
01:19:57,002 --> 01:19:58,670
"You're not looking
down the street.
1491
01:19:58,837 --> 01:20:01,089
"We, too, are being persecuted.
1492
01:20:01,256 --> 01:20:04,301
"We, too, are being attacked
by our own neighbors.
1493
01:20:04,467 --> 01:20:06,386
"Where are the marches for us?
1494
01:20:06,553 --> 01:20:08,054
"Where are the petitions for us?
1495
01:20:08,221 --> 01:20:11,349
Where are the rallies for us?"
1496
01:20:11,516 --> 01:20:13,351
Narrator: In one respect,
1497
01:20:13,518 --> 01:20:17,355
the Nazi statutes were less
harsh than many U.S. state laws
1498
01:20:17,522 --> 01:20:20,358
that defined a person
of color as anyone
1499
01:20:20,525 --> 01:20:24,029
who had a single drop
of Negro blood.
1500
01:20:24,195 --> 01:20:27,866
Instead, they categorized
people as full Jews,
1501
01:20:28,033 --> 01:20:30,660
Jews by definition, and mongrels
1502
01:20:30,827 --> 01:20:33,413
of the first and second degrees.
1503
01:20:33,580 --> 01:20:40,128
A'
1504
01:20:40,295 --> 01:20:42,756
Man: There has been no tragedy
in modern times
1505
01:20:42,922 --> 01:20:45,342
equal in its awful effects
to the fight
1506
01:20:45,508 --> 01:20:47,385
on the Jew in Germany.
1507
01:20:47,552 --> 01:20:49,637
It is an attack on civilization
1508
01:20:49,804 --> 01:20:51,806
comparable only to such horrors
1509
01:20:51,973 --> 01:20:56,436
as the Spanish Inquisition
and the African slave trade.
1510
01:20:56,603 --> 01:20:59,898
Adolf Hitler hardly ever
makes a speech today
1511
01:21:00,065 --> 01:21:03,318
without belittling,
blaming, or cursing Jews.
1512
01:21:03,485 --> 01:21:06,196
Every misfortune of
the world is in whole
1513
01:21:06,363 --> 01:21:08,782
or in part blamed on Jews.
1514
01:21:10,325 --> 01:21:12,869
There is a campaign
of race prejudice
1515
01:21:13,036 --> 01:21:15,205
which surpasses in
vindictive cruelty
1516
01:21:15,372 --> 01:21:19,542
and public insult
anything I have ever seen,
1517
01:21:19,709 --> 01:21:22,420
and I have seen much.
1518
01:21:22,587 --> 01:21:24,756
W.E.B. DuBois.
1519
01:21:24,923 --> 01:21:26,758
A'
1520
01:21:26,925 --> 01:21:30,178
One night when my mother and I
1521
01:21:30,345 --> 01:21:33,348
were out of town visiting
my grandparents,
1522
01:21:33,515 --> 01:21:36,935
a group of Brownshirts
1523
01:21:37,102 --> 01:21:42,273
came and beat my father up.
1524
01:21:42,440 --> 01:21:45,485
We came back the next day.
1525
01:21:45,652 --> 01:21:49,614
And my mother took one look
at him
1526
01:21:49,781 --> 01:21:52,742
and screamed out, you know,
1527
01:21:52,909 --> 01:21:55,245
"What have they done to you,
Jufius?"
1528
01:21:56,913 --> 01:22:00,959
It is a deep ingrained feeling
1529
01:22:01,126 --> 01:22:03,837
that your parents
are your protectors.
1530
01:22:04,003 --> 01:22:06,589
Now there is no protector.
1531
01:22:06,756 --> 01:22:10,593
Nobody is immune
from persecution.
1532
01:22:10,760 --> 01:22:12,595
A'
1533
01:22:12,762 --> 01:22:15,932
Hayes: In the 1930s,
the objective of Nazi policy
1534
01:22:16,099 --> 01:22:19,853
was to make life in Germany
for Jews so miserable
1535
01:22:20,019 --> 01:22:21,813
that they would leave.
1536
01:22:21,980 --> 01:22:25,358
And a fair number of German Jews
understood right away.
1537
01:22:25,525 --> 01:22:27,110
There were 60,000 German Jews,
1538
01:22:27,277 --> 01:22:28,653
more than 10% of the population,
1539
01:22:28,820 --> 01:22:31,364
that left the country
in 1933-'34.
1540
01:22:31,531 --> 01:22:33,783
They were fortunate
in the fact that
1541
01:22:33,950 --> 01:22:36,995
in the initial shock of
discrimination against the Jews,
1542
01:22:37,162 --> 01:22:40,665
of outrages against Jews,
the neighboring countries,
1543
01:22:40,832 --> 01:22:43,918
the Netherlands, Belgium,
France, Czechoslovakia,
1544
01:22:44,085 --> 01:22:46,963
were relatively accepting
of people who left.
1545
01:22:47,130 --> 01:22:49,132
And so, in that first
wave of people,
1546
01:22:49,299 --> 01:22:51,801
they got refuge in
other countries.
1547
01:22:51,968 --> 01:22:54,095
As the 1930s went on, however,
1548
01:22:54,262 --> 01:22:56,181
the willingness of these
countries nearby
1549
01:22:56,347 --> 01:22:59,434
to accept refugees declined.
1550
01:22:59,601 --> 01:23:02,020
And as more and more
German Jews realized
1551
01:23:02,187 --> 01:23:03,980
they needed to get
out of the country,
1552
01:23:04,147 --> 01:23:07,025
it became harder and harder
for them to get out.
1553
01:23:10,653 --> 01:23:12,864
A'
1554
01:23:13,031 --> 01:23:17,535
Man as Celler: To expect sportsmanship
from the Nazis is impossible,
1555
01:23:17,702 --> 01:23:22,332
for they obtained power by
treachery, violence, and bloodshed.
1556
01:23:22,499 --> 01:23:26,503
To regard these men as
true guardians of sports,
1557
01:23:26,669 --> 01:23:31,007
to turn the Olympics games
over to their administration
1558
01:23:31,174 --> 01:23:34,093
is to invite the possibility
that the Olympic games
1559
01:23:34,260 --> 01:23:36,429
shall be befouled.
1560
01:23:36,596 --> 01:23:38,181
Emmanuel Celler.
1561
01:23:38,348 --> 01:23:40,350
A'
1562
01:23:40,517 --> 01:23:44,229
Narrator: In 1936, both
the Winter and Summer Olympics
1563
01:23:44,395 --> 01:23:46,564
were held in Germany.
1564
01:23:46,731 --> 01:23:50,860
Hitler saw an opportunity to
show the world a reinvigorated,
1565
01:23:51,027 --> 01:23:53,571
allegedly peace-loving
country,
1566
01:23:53,738 --> 01:23:57,325
its jobless rate slashed
by public works programs
1567
01:23:57,492 --> 01:24:00,036
and massive, rapid rearmament.
1568
01:24:01,663 --> 01:24:05,500
Some in Europe and America had
threatened to boycott the Games
1569
01:24:05,667 --> 01:24:08,628
because of the Nazi treatment
of Jews.
1570
01:24:08,795 --> 01:24:13,216
But Avery Brundage, the president
of the American Olympic Committee,
1571
01:24:13,383 --> 01:24:17,887
who privately admired Hitler
and personally disliked Jews,
1572
01:24:18,054 --> 01:24:20,473
urged Americans not
to be swept up
1573
01:24:20,640 --> 01:24:24,894
in what he called
a "Jew-Nazi altercation."
1574
01:24:25,061 --> 01:24:27,814
Congressman Celler
denounced Brundage
1575
01:24:27,981 --> 01:24:29,983
as the Nazis'
"willing dupe."
1576
01:24:31,734 --> 01:24:34,237
On March 7, 1936,
1577
01:24:34,404 --> 01:24:37,615
less than 3 weeks after
the Winter Olympics,
1578
01:24:37,782 --> 01:24:41,536
Hitler sent some 30,000 troops
into the Rhineland,
1579
01:24:41,703 --> 01:24:44,289
a German region that
had provided a buffer
1580
01:24:44,455 --> 01:24:46,541
between Germany and France,
1581
01:24:46,708 --> 01:24:49,335
which according to
the Treaty of Versailles
1582
01:24:49,502 --> 01:24:52,380
was to remain demilitarized.
1583
01:24:52,547 --> 01:24:55,216
Thousands of German-speaking
residents
1584
01:24:55,383 --> 01:24:58,177
lined the roads to cheer them.
1585
01:24:58,344 --> 01:25:00,471
"The fuhrer is immensely happy,"
1586
01:25:00,638 --> 01:25:03,641
Joseph Goebbels noted
in his diary that night.
1587
01:25:03,808 --> 01:25:05,727
"France won't take action,
1588
01:25:05,893 --> 01:25:11,691
England remains passive,
and America uninterested."
1589
01:25:11,858 --> 01:25:14,110
A'
1590
01:25:14,277 --> 01:25:17,363
At the same time, Berlin
was being transformed
1591
01:25:17,530 --> 01:25:21,284
into a colossal stage set
for the Summer Olympics.
1592
01:25:21,451 --> 01:25:26,039
Some 1,500 reporters were
expected from all over the world,
1593
01:25:26,205 --> 01:25:28,833
and the Nazi regime made
sure that they would see
1594
01:25:29,000 --> 01:25:31,628
only what it wanted seen.
1595
01:25:31,794 --> 01:25:35,673
They removed every sign forbidding
Jews entry to restaurants,
1596
01:25:35,840 --> 01:25:39,218
kept antisemitic
publications off newsstands,
1597
01:25:39,385 --> 01:25:43,640
and ordered newspapers not to
report antisemitic incidents.
1598
01:25:45,016 --> 01:25:47,101
They also rounded up
and interned
1599
01:25:47,268 --> 01:25:49,937
several hundred Roma
and Sinti people,
1600
01:25:50,104 --> 01:25:54,651
often derogatorily referred
to as gypsies.
1601
01:25:54,817 --> 01:25:57,737
"We must be more charming
than the Parisians,"
1602
01:25:57,904 --> 01:25:59,697
Goebbels told Berliners,
1603
01:25:59,864 --> 01:26:02,325
"more easy-going than
the Viennese,
1604
01:26:02,492 --> 01:26:05,119
"more cosmopolitan
than the Londoners,
1605
01:26:05,286 --> 01:26:08,831
and more practical
than New Yorkers."
1606
01:26:08,998 --> 01:26:12,794
But anti-Nazi Germans managed
to slip between the pages
1607
01:26:12,960 --> 01:26:16,047
of a popular guidebook
a map peppered
1608
01:26:16,214 --> 01:26:20,134
with the locations of
the scores of jails and prisons
1609
01:26:20,301 --> 01:26:23,805
and concentration camps in
which the regimes' enemies
1610
01:26:23,971 --> 01:26:26,182
had been safely locked away.
1611
01:26:27,767 --> 01:26:31,771
Still, the Nazi genius for
propaganda and pageantry
1612
01:26:31,938 --> 01:26:34,524
overcame most visitors' doubts.
1613
01:26:36,442 --> 01:26:38,861
Man: The daily spectacle
was breathtaking
1614
01:26:39,028 --> 01:26:41,948
in its beauty and magnificence.
1615
01:26:42,115 --> 01:26:46,452
The stadium was a tournament of
color that caught the throat,
1616
01:26:46,619 --> 01:26:50,873
the massed splendor of the banners
made the gaudy decorations
1617
01:26:51,040 --> 01:26:53,126
of America's great parades,
1618
01:26:53,292 --> 01:26:56,671
presidential inaugurations,
and World's Fairs
1619
01:26:56,838 --> 01:27:01,384
seem like shoddy carnivals
in comparison.
1620
01:27:01,551 --> 01:27:04,053
Thomas Wolfe.
1621
01:27:04,220 --> 01:27:06,222
[Gunshot]
1622
01:27:06,389 --> 01:27:09,058
Narrator: The Nazis were
pleased when German athletes
1623
01:27:09,225 --> 01:27:11,018
amassed the most medals.
1624
01:27:11,185 --> 01:27:14,772
But when Jesse Owens
set 3 Olympic records
1625
01:27:14,939 --> 01:27:18,484
and won 4 gold medals,
they were appalled.
1626
01:27:18,651 --> 01:27:20,737
"That's a scandal,"
Goebbels wrote.
1627
01:27:20,903 --> 01:27:23,656
"White humanity
should be ashamed."
1628
01:27:23,823 --> 01:27:26,701
In the future, Hitler assured
his inner circle,
1629
01:27:26,868 --> 01:27:29,871
the Olympics would always
be held in Berlin
1630
01:27:30,037 --> 01:27:34,709
and no "primitive men" would ever
again be allowed to take part.
1631
01:27:37,044 --> 01:27:38,963
U.S. Ambassador
William Dodd
1632
01:27:39,130 --> 01:27:41,924
had not been fooled
by the Nazi pageantry
1633
01:27:42,091 --> 01:27:44,802
and kept his distance
from the Games.
1634
01:27:44,969 --> 01:27:47,764
Germany's Jews,
he informed Washington,
1635
01:27:47,930 --> 01:27:51,434
were anticipating the withdrawal
of the world's attention
1636
01:27:51,601 --> 01:27:54,020
"with fear and trembling."
1637
01:27:56,606 --> 01:27:58,608
Once the visitors had left,
1638
01:27:58,775 --> 01:28:02,612
the Nazis resumed their
indoctrination of the German people.
1639
01:28:02,779 --> 01:28:05,615
"We must bring up a new
type of human being,"
1640
01:28:05,782 --> 01:28:07,450
Hitler had proclaimed.
1641
01:28:07,617 --> 01:28:11,120
"We have undertaken to give
the Germans an education
1642
01:28:11,287 --> 01:28:16,000
that begins with the child
and ends with the old fighter."
1643
01:28:16,167 --> 01:28:19,253
His portrait hung in
every school room.
1644
01:28:19,420 --> 01:28:23,633
Small children were made to
recite poems in his praise.
1645
01:28:23,800 --> 01:28:29,305
Children's books were filled with
venomous oarioatu res of Jews.
1646
01:28:29,472 --> 01:28:33,726
Millions of adolescents were
made to join the Hitler Youth.
1647
01:28:33,893 --> 01:28:36,813
Parents of children
who refused to join
1648
01:28:36,979 --> 01:28:41,150
were investigated, fired,
sometimes imprisoned.
1649
01:28:41,317 --> 01:28:48,741
A'
1650
01:28:48,908 --> 01:28:52,829
Stern: My mother had
a good insight.
1651
01:28:52,995 --> 01:28:56,874
She said, "This will
get worse and worse.
1652
01:28:57,041 --> 01:29:01,504
I will write to your
Uncle Benno in America."
1653
01:29:01,671 --> 01:29:06,175
She wrote and said,
"Can you save us?"
1654
01:29:06,342 --> 01:29:07,927
Back came the answer.
1655
01:29:08,094 --> 01:29:11,180
He said, "You know,
I have lost my job
1656
01:29:11,347 --> 01:29:13,599
"as a baker and pastry maker,
1657
01:29:13,766 --> 01:29:17,854
"and so I can take one of you,
1658
01:29:18,020 --> 01:29:20,815
but not all of you."
1659
01:29:20,982 --> 01:29:22,525
Behind my back,
1660
01:29:22,692 --> 01:29:27,280
a parental conference
must have taken place.
1661
01:29:27,446 --> 01:29:31,033
And they said, "OK,
we'll send the oldest,"
1662
01:29:31,200 --> 01:29:36,080
and with a mission of trying
to find other Americans
1663
01:29:36,247 --> 01:29:38,374
who could vouch for us.
1664
01:29:38,541 --> 01:29:41,460
Narrator: Gilnther was just 15
1665
01:29:41,627 --> 01:29:44,672
and ambivalent
about leaving home.
1666
01:29:44,839 --> 01:29:47,216
Stern: There were
countervailing thoughts.
1667
01:29:47,383 --> 01:29:51,429
One of them is that you were...
1668
01:29:51,596 --> 01:29:55,308
Are going towards
a terrific adventure.
1669
01:29:55,474 --> 01:29:58,644
And then this dismal feeling,
1670
01:29:58,811 --> 01:30:04,191
everything I know would be
forcefully torn apart.
1671
01:30:04,358 --> 01:30:06,319
A'
1672
01:30:06,485 --> 01:30:08,863
Narrator: Glllnther
finally agreed to go
1673
01:30:09,030 --> 01:30:12,408
and to try to find someone in
America with enough money
1674
01:30:12,575 --> 01:30:15,161
to sponsor the rest
of the family.
1675
01:30:15,328 --> 01:30:18,080
While his father began
the laborious task
1676
01:30:18,247 --> 01:30:22,418
of filling out the paperwork to
obtain a visa for his son,
1677
01:30:22,585 --> 01:30:24,420
he hired a local English teacher
1678
01:30:24,587 --> 01:30:26,672
who had lived
for a time in Brooklyn
1679
01:30:26,839 --> 01:30:30,051
to teach Glllnther everything
he could about America.
1680
01:30:30,217 --> 01:30:32,094
A'
1681
01:30:32,261 --> 01:30:34,013
A few months later,
1682
01:30:34,180 --> 01:30:37,266
Glllnthefls parents again
called the family together.
1683
01:30:37,433 --> 01:30:40,186
Stern: They took me once more
in this good room,
1684
01:30:40,353 --> 01:30:43,940
and there was
papers all laid out.
1685
01:30:45,733 --> 01:30:49,195
It was the affidavit in concert
1686
01:30:49,362 --> 01:30:54,492
with a American-Jewish
Women's Organization.
1687
01:30:54,659 --> 01:30:58,454
They said, "You also have
a date in about a month
1688
01:30:58,621 --> 01:31:02,875
at the American
consulate in Hamburg."
1689
01:31:03,042 --> 01:31:05,169
Narrator: Glllnther
was filled with fear.
1690
01:31:05,336 --> 01:31:08,172
He knew that unsympathetic
American officials
1691
01:31:08,339 --> 01:31:11,509
in some cities,
like the consul in Stuttgart,
1692
01:31:11,676 --> 01:31:14,220
routinely turned applicants down
1693
01:31:14,387 --> 01:31:17,640
over one technicality
or another.
1694
01:31:17,807 --> 01:31:19,684
Stern: If you were confronted,
1695
01:31:19,850 --> 01:31:21,769
like the one in Stuttgart,
1696
01:31:21,936 --> 01:31:25,982
by a virulent antisemite,
1697
01:31:26,148 --> 01:31:31,445
he followed the letter of
the law beyond its intent.
1698
01:31:31,612 --> 01:31:34,699
That kind of news got around.
1699
01:31:34,865 --> 01:31:37,326
Narrator: GUnther's appointment
was with the consul
1700
01:31:37,493 --> 01:31:40,663
in Hamburg,
Malcolm C. Burke.
1701
01:31:41,872 --> 01:31:45,126
Stern: I was prepared
to be grilled.
1702
01:31:45,292 --> 01:31:49,213
He started out, you know,
very routinely.
1703
01:31:49,380 --> 01:31:52,258
"Where do you come from?
What's your parents like?"
1704
01:31:52,425 --> 01:31:56,470
And then, he said... I'll
never forget that question...
1705
01:31:56,637 --> 01:31:59,557
"How much is 48 and 52?"
1706
01:32:01,767 --> 01:32:03,269
That was it.
1707
01:32:03,436 --> 01:32:07,565
He put his name on my
Youth Identity papers.
1708
01:32:07,732 --> 01:32:11,736
And there I was,
ready to immigrate.
1709
01:32:11,902 --> 01:32:14,613
Had we lived in Stuttgart,
I was out.
1710
01:32:15,990 --> 01:32:20,494
Snyder: Almost all of the major
rescuers were diplomats,
1711
01:32:20,661 --> 01:32:24,498
people who seemed most of the
time to have unglamorous lives,
1712
01:32:24,665 --> 01:32:26,792
people who seemed most of
the time to just be pushing
1713
01:32:26,959 --> 01:32:29,712
one piece of paper
from here to there.
1714
01:32:29,879 --> 01:32:31,839
But it turns out that
one piece of paper,
1715
01:32:32,006 --> 01:32:34,550
pushed from the right here
to the right there,
1716
01:32:34,717 --> 01:32:36,093
can save a life.
1717
01:32:37,344 --> 01:32:39,764
Narrator: In the fall of 1937,
1718
01:32:39,930 --> 01:32:42,892
the date of Gilnthefls
departure was set.
1719
01:32:44,393 --> 01:32:47,229
Stern: It was a highly charged,
1720
01:32:47,396 --> 01:32:50,816
emotional couple of weeks.
1721
01:32:50,983 --> 01:32:54,987
My mother had taken me
on very long walks
1722
01:32:55,154 --> 01:32:56,530
through the city
1723
01:32:56,697 --> 01:32:59,575
in the few days we still
had together.
1724
01:33:01,285 --> 01:33:04,413
I had played games against
my brother Werner,
1725
01:33:04,580 --> 01:33:06,624
and he against me.
1726
01:33:06,791 --> 01:33:11,128
And all that was going to
be taken away.
1727
01:33:11,295 --> 01:33:19,295
A'
1728
01:33:20,721 --> 01:33:23,057
Narrator: In November,
Glllnther Stern
1729
01:33:23,224 --> 01:33:26,268
arrived in New York City
aboard a German ship.
1730
01:33:26,435 --> 01:33:28,938
A'
1731
01:33:29,105 --> 01:33:33,651
After the German Jewish Children's
Aid Society determined his English
1732
01:33:33,818 --> 01:33:36,403
was good enough for him
to travel alone,
1733
01:33:36,570 --> 01:33:39,740
he boarded a train
and headed for St. Louis,
1734
01:33:39,907 --> 01:33:42,993
where his aunt and uncle
were waiting for him.
1735
01:33:44,620 --> 01:33:46,622
5 days after he got there,
1736
01:33:46,789 --> 01:33:49,166
Glllnther was
attending high school.
1737
01:33:49,333 --> 01:33:53,838
He got his first job washing
dishes at a downtown hotel.
1738
01:33:54,004 --> 01:33:57,424
But the plight of his family
back in Germany
1739
01:33:57,591 --> 01:34:00,636
and the responsibility
he felt for finding a way
1740
01:34:00,803 --> 01:34:02,930
to bring them to America, too,
1741
01:34:03,097 --> 01:34:05,391
never left him for long.
1742
01:34:08,018 --> 01:34:09,979
[Film projector whirs]
1743
01:34:14,108 --> 01:34:16,402
In the summer of 1937,
1744
01:34:16,569 --> 01:34:19,196
Herman and Lotte Bland
of Chicago,
1745
01:34:19,363 --> 01:34:21,740
who had come
to America from Poland,
1746
01:34:21,907 --> 01:34:24,160
took their two sons
to see the country
1747
01:34:24,326 --> 01:34:26,036
where they had been born.
1748
01:34:28,164 --> 01:34:29,665
Leonard, their oldest,
1749
01:34:29,832 --> 01:34:33,002
carried a brand-new
16-milimeter camera.
1750
01:34:36,172 --> 01:34:38,632
Harold, who turned 8
on the trip,
1751
01:34:38,799 --> 01:34:41,218
was deeply affected by
the poverty
1752
01:34:41,385 --> 01:34:44,180
and the antisemitism
he saw there.
1753
01:34:48,225 --> 01:34:51,020
In Suwalki, they
met L0tte's cousins,
1754
01:34:51,187 --> 01:34:55,024
and she installed a new headstone
on her parents' grave.
1755
01:34:56,567 --> 01:34:58,527
In the town's central square,
1756
01:34:58,694 --> 01:35:02,489
Leonard noticed that someone
had scratched "Kill the Jews"
1757
01:35:02,656 --> 01:35:06,660
in wet cement, and
he captured it on film.
1758
01:35:06,827 --> 01:35:09,496
Minutes later,
Polish policemen arrived
1759
01:35:09,663 --> 01:35:12,249
and detained the whole family.
1760
01:35:12,416 --> 01:35:15,252
Officers tore the film from
Leonard's camera,
1761
01:35:15,419 --> 01:35:17,546
and after several tense hours,
1762
01:35:17,713 --> 01:35:20,799
finally allowed the frightened
Blands to leave.
1763
01:35:20,966 --> 01:35:25,221
A'
1764
01:35:25,387 --> 01:35:28,182
In the years to come,
nearly all of Suwalki's
1765
01:35:28,349 --> 01:35:32,519
14,000 Jewish inhabitants
would be murdered.
1766
01:35:35,231 --> 01:35:37,107
A'
1767
01:35:37,274 --> 01:35:40,694
Even the Jewish cemetery
would be destroyed,
1768
01:35:40,861 --> 01:35:45,282
as if the generations buried
there had never existed.
1769
01:35:45,449 --> 01:35:49,495
A'
1770
01:35:51,622 --> 01:35:53,499
[Airplanes whirring]
1771
01:36:01,423 --> 01:36:05,094
In 1937, the world's
authoritarian regimes
1772
01:36:05,261 --> 01:36:09,098
were entering a new, more
threatening phase of conquest.
1773
01:36:10,724 --> 01:36:13,352
Hitler had taken back
the Rhineland.
1774
01:36:14,979 --> 01:36:17,898
Benito Mussolini's Italian
fascist troops
1775
01:36:18,065 --> 01:36:21,318
had crushed Libya
and invaded Ethiopia,
1776
01:36:21,485 --> 01:36:24,071
dropping bombs and deploying
mustard gas
1777
01:36:24,238 --> 01:36:26,282
against helpless civilians.
1778
01:36:28,284 --> 01:36:31,495
Japanese forces invaded China.
1779
01:36:34,456 --> 01:36:37,418
In Spain, German
and Italian warplanes
1780
01:36:37,584 --> 01:36:39,378
conducted terror bombing raids
1781
01:36:39,545 --> 01:36:42,089
in support of a fascist uprising
1782
01:36:42,256 --> 01:36:45,175
against a duly elected
left-wing government
1783
01:36:45,342 --> 01:36:47,845
supported by the Soviet Union.
1784
01:36:50,097 --> 01:36:53,726
Neither France nor England
nor the United States
1785
01:36:53,892 --> 01:36:55,644
was willing to intervene.
1786
01:36:55,811 --> 01:36:57,813
A'
1787
01:36:57,980 --> 01:37:02,818
Franklin Roosevelt had been
re-elected by a landslide in 1936.
1788
01:37:02,985 --> 01:37:07,239
4 years of the New Deal had helped
restore American confidence
1789
01:37:07,406 --> 01:37:10,492
and begun to put the country
back to work.
1790
01:37:10,659 --> 01:37:13,120
But Roosevelt was
an internationalist
1791
01:37:13,287 --> 01:37:17,207
presiding over
an isolationist country.
1792
01:37:17,374 --> 01:37:20,586
Senate hearings had convinced
millions of Americans
1793
01:37:20,753 --> 01:37:23,672
that Wall Street bankers,
munitions makers,
1794
01:37:23,839 --> 01:37:26,592
and British propagandists
had conspired
1795
01:37:26,759 --> 01:37:31,263
to trick the United States
into entering the Great War.
1796
01:37:31,430 --> 01:37:35,434
Gerald Nye: American commercial
interest is selfish and greedy.
1797
01:37:35,601 --> 01:37:39,396
Sensing the opportunity for
profit from war
1798
01:37:39,563 --> 01:37:42,107
would do as they have
done in the past
1799
01:37:42,274 --> 01:37:44,860
if left to pursue
their own course.
1800
01:37:46,653 --> 01:37:50,532
Narrator: 125,000 college
students had staged
1801
01:37:50,699 --> 01:37:53,077
a one-hour Strike for Peace,
1802
01:37:53,243 --> 01:37:56,455
and 60,000 of them
signed a pledge never
1803
01:37:56,622 --> 01:38:01,210
"to support the United States
in any war it may conduct."
1804
01:38:01,377 --> 01:38:03,504
Congress had shrunk the Army,
1805
01:38:03,670 --> 01:38:06,715
kept the country out of
international organizations,
1806
01:38:06,882 --> 01:38:09,510
and passed two Neutrality Acts,
1807
01:38:09,676 --> 01:38:16,266
barring the sale of arms or war
materiel to any belligerent anywhere.
1808
01:38:16,433 --> 01:38:22,106
In Chicago, President Roosevelt
publicly expressed his alarm.
1809
01:38:22,272 --> 01:38:26,360
Roosevelt: The epidemic of
world lawlessness is spreading.
1810
01:38:27,694 --> 01:38:30,989
And mark this well,
1811
01:38:31,156 --> 01:38:36,578
when an epidemic of physical
disease starts to spread,
1812
01:38:36,745 --> 01:38:38,789
the community approves
1813
01:38:38,956 --> 01:38:44,169
and joins in a quarantine
of the patients
1814
01:38:44,336 --> 01:38:47,881
in order to protect the health
of the community
1815
01:38:48,048 --> 01:38:51,301
against the spread
of the disease.
1816
01:38:51,468 --> 01:38:54,304
[Applause]
1817
01:38:54,471 --> 01:38:57,141
Narrator: Outraged
pacifists now charged
1818
01:38:57,307 --> 01:39:00,769
that Roosevelt was starting
America down the slope to war
1819
01:39:00,936 --> 01:39:03,105
by calling for a quarantine.
1820
01:39:03,272 --> 01:39:06,442
Isolationist congressmen
threatened to impeach him.
1821
01:39:06,608 --> 01:39:09,987
The leaders of his own party
remained silent.
1822
01:39:10,154 --> 01:39:12,948
"It is a terrible thing,"
he told an aide,
1823
01:39:13,115 --> 01:39:16,285
"to look over your shoulder
when you are trying to lead
1824
01:39:16,452 --> 01:39:19,455
and find no one there."
1825
01:39:19,621 --> 01:39:22,624
Erbelding: There is no real
perception in the 1930s
1826
01:39:22,791 --> 01:39:25,586
that America is a force
for good in the world,
1827
01:39:25,752 --> 01:39:28,422
or that we should be
involved in the world at all.
1828
01:39:28,589 --> 01:39:31,884
There is no sense among
the American people,
1829
01:39:32,050 --> 01:39:34,320
among the American government,
among the international community,
1830
01:39:34,344 --> 01:39:36,472
that it's anyone else's
business what is happening
1831
01:39:36,638 --> 01:39:38,515
within, you know,
your own country.
1832
01:39:38,682 --> 01:39:42,019
It is not illegal what Hitler
is doing to the Jews
1833
01:39:42,186 --> 01:39:43,937
under International Law.
1834
01:39:44,104 --> 01:39:45,772
You can attack your own citizens
1835
01:39:45,939 --> 01:39:48,150
under International Law
at this point.
1836
01:39:48,317 --> 01:39:50,027
A'
1837
01:39:50,194 --> 01:39:53,530
Narrator: American corporations,
like those of other countries,
1838
01:39:53,697 --> 01:39:57,993
continued to conduct business as
usual with the Hitler regime.
1839
01:39:58,160 --> 01:40:02,372
The Nazis awarded Henry Ford
their highest civilian medal,
1840
01:40:02,539 --> 01:40:05,959
and his German plant began
supplying the German army
1841
01:40:06,126 --> 01:40:08,462
with 1,500 vehicles a year,
1842
01:40:08,629 --> 01:40:10,547
after turning down an offer
1843
01:40:10,714 --> 01:40:13,634
to build airplane engines
for Britain.
1844
01:40:13,800 --> 01:40:18,430
Woolworth's German subsidiary
fired all its Jewish employees
1845
01:40:18,597 --> 01:40:21,016
as the price of doing business.
1846
01:40:21,183 --> 01:40:24,394
So did the Berlin office
of the Associated Press.
1847
01:40:24,561 --> 01:40:26,522
A'
1848
01:40:26,688 --> 01:40:29,274
All but one of the major
Hollywood studios
1849
01:40:29,441 --> 01:40:31,401
went along with the Nazis, too,
1850
01:40:31,568 --> 01:40:35,280
even though many of the men
who ran them were Jewish.
1851
01:40:35,447 --> 01:40:38,951
Joseph Goebbels had closed
the lucrative German market
1852
01:40:39,117 --> 01:40:43,705
to any film "considered
detrimental to German prestige."
1853
01:40:43,872 --> 01:40:47,376
For a time, the German
vice-consul in Los Angeles
1854
01:40:47,543 --> 01:40:51,171
had the power to approve
or disapprove scripts
1855
01:40:51,338 --> 01:40:54,258
before production began.
1856
01:40:54,424 --> 01:40:57,886
Between 1933 and 1939,
not a single word
1857
01:40:58,053 --> 01:41:02,349
was uttered against
the Nazis on screen.
1858
01:41:02,516 --> 01:41:04,268
A'
1859
01:41:04,434 --> 01:41:07,980
The 80 million Americans who
went to the movies each week
1860
01:41:08,146 --> 01:41:11,858
got brief glimpses of
Nazi Germany from newsreels
1861
01:41:12,025 --> 01:41:15,737
made by Pathé, Paramount,
Fox Movietone,
1862
01:41:15,904 --> 01:41:18,407
and Hearst Metrotone News.
1863
01:41:18,574 --> 01:41:20,909
But the footage
was usually confined
1864
01:41:21,076 --> 01:41:23,870
to film produced by the Nazis.
1865
01:41:24,037 --> 01:41:25,747
A'
1866
01:41:25,914 --> 01:41:27,994
Film announcer: In united
Germany is the rallying cry
1867
01:41:28,041 --> 01:41:30,294
of Chancellor Hitler
as he tours the country.
1868
01:41:30,460 --> 01:41:32,588
In Westphalia, he is greeted
by a tremendous throng
1869
01:41:32,754 --> 01:41:34,298
of enthusiastic admirers.
1870
01:41:34,464 --> 01:41:37,426
[All cheering]
1871
01:41:37,593 --> 01:41:40,262
Narrator: "The March of Time,"
a series of shorts
1872
01:41:40,429 --> 01:41:44,391
made in association with "Time"
magazine, was different.
1873
01:41:44,558 --> 01:41:46,727
In January of 1938,
1874
01:41:46,893 --> 01:41:50,105
it offered a film called
"lnside Nazi Germany"
1875
01:41:50,272 --> 01:41:53,358
that included scenes
shot by American cameramen
1876
01:41:53,525 --> 01:41:56,612
when Nazi minders
were not looking.
1877
01:41:56,778 --> 01:41:58,780
Film announcer: Still
going on as pitilessly,
1878
01:41:58,947 --> 01:42:00,782
as brutally as it
did 5 years ago
1879
01:42:00,949 --> 01:42:03,994
is Goebbels' persecution
of the Jews.
1880
01:42:04,161 --> 01:42:06,622
Sign-posts at city limits
bear the legend,
1881
01:42:06,788 --> 01:42:09,750
"Jews not wanted.
Jews keep out."
1882
01:42:09,916 --> 01:42:12,127
Nazi Germany faces her destiny
1883
01:42:12,294 --> 01:42:15,088
with one of the greatest
war machines in history.
1884
01:42:16,798 --> 01:42:19,468
And the inevitable destiny
of the great war machines
1885
01:42:19,635 --> 01:42:23,388
of the past has been to destroy
the peace of the world,
1886
01:42:23,555 --> 01:42:26,975
its people, and the
governments of their time.
1887
01:42:27,142 --> 01:42:29,895
A'
1888
01:42:37,486 --> 01:42:41,490
Woman: The Nazis wanted
to annex Austria,
1889
01:42:41,657 --> 01:42:46,036
and there was supposed to be
a voting if Austria wanted it.
1890
01:42:46,203 --> 01:42:48,413
Hitler didn't wait for a vote,
1891
01:42:48,580 --> 01:42:52,209
just marched in in March 1938.
1892
01:42:55,003 --> 01:42:57,589
All our friends
and the whole city
1893
01:42:57,756 --> 01:43:03,720
became immediately
enthusiastic and Nazis.
1894
01:43:03,887 --> 01:43:06,348
They stood in the street
with swastika flags
1895
01:43:06,515 --> 01:43:07,349
and Heil Hitler.
1896
01:43:07,516 --> 01:43:09,768
Crowd: Heil Hitler!
1897
01:43:09,935 --> 01:43:11,645
Heil Hitler!
1898
01:43:11,812 --> 01:43:14,314
Heil Hitler!
1899
01:43:14,481 --> 01:43:17,234
Narrator: Hitler called
the unification
1900
01:43:17,401 --> 01:43:19,277
of his native
Austria with Germany
1901
01:43:19,444 --> 01:43:21,571
his greatest accomplishment,
1902
01:43:21,738 --> 01:43:24,533
and he basked in the
enthusiasm of the crowds
1903
01:43:24,700 --> 01:43:26,827
that had greeted him in Vienna.
1904
01:43:26,993 --> 01:43:31,832
"Such a stream of love as I have
never experienced," he called it.
1905
01:43:33,917 --> 01:43:36,712
One quarter of a million Jews
had somehow managed
1906
01:43:36,878 --> 01:43:39,214
to escape Hitler's Germany.
1907
01:43:39,381 --> 01:43:45,512
But now 192,000 Austrian Jews
had come under his control
1908
01:43:45,679 --> 01:43:48,765
and were stripped
of any citizenship.
1909
01:43:48,932 --> 01:43:54,438
SS men and Gestapo agents were let
loose to beat and humiliate them
1910
01:43:54,604 --> 01:43:58,900
and force them to clean anti-Nazi
slogans off the sidewalk.
1911
01:43:59,067 --> 01:44:03,530
A'
1912
01:44:03,697 --> 01:44:08,952
Eva Geiringer was not quite 9
when the Germans entered Vienna.
1913
01:44:09,119 --> 01:44:10,620
Geiringer: And it was
just terrible,
1914
01:44:10,787 --> 01:44:13,665
from one day to the next,
the attitude changed.
1915
01:44:13,832 --> 01:44:16,460
A'
1916
01:44:16,626 --> 01:44:19,921
Suddenly I was not allowed
to go and play
1917
01:44:20,088 --> 01:44:23,383
with my Catholic friends.
1918
01:44:23,550 --> 01:44:25,135
My brother Heinz,
1919
01:44:25,302 --> 01:44:28,096
who was at that time 12 years
old, he came home.
1920
01:44:28,263 --> 01:44:31,516
He looked terrible.
He was badly beaten up.
1921
01:44:31,683 --> 01:44:34,478
And when my parents
questioned him, he said,
1922
01:44:34,644 --> 01:44:36,313
"My own friends did that,
1923
01:44:36,480 --> 01:44:40,108
and the teachers just watched
to see it happening."
1924
01:44:40,275 --> 01:44:43,111
Narrator: Eva's father,
a shoe manufacturer,
1925
01:44:43,278 --> 01:44:46,948
soon joined would-be immigrants,
most of them Jews,
1926
01:44:47,115 --> 01:44:50,619
clamoring at consulates
for visas to somewhere,
1927
01:44:50,786 --> 01:44:54,164
anywhere that
seemed to offer safety.
1928
01:44:54,331 --> 01:44:57,501
Geiringer: People started
to queue at consulates.
1929
01:44:57,667 --> 01:45:02,255
You had to have an entry visa
and an exit visa by then.
1930
01:45:02,422 --> 01:45:03,757
And you know this.
1931
01:45:03,924 --> 01:45:05,967
So Hitler wanted to get
rid of the Jews,
1932
01:45:06,134 --> 01:45:10,055
but to get an exit visa
was as well difficult.
1933
01:45:10,222 --> 01:45:12,349
I didn't want to leave,
you know?
1934
01:45:12,516 --> 01:45:15,227
I know it didn't
feel nice anymore.
1935
01:45:15,393 --> 01:45:17,854
But still, I had
my relatives there,
1936
01:45:18,021 --> 01:45:19,272
and it was my language,
1937
01:45:19,439 --> 01:45:21,983
and I loved it there.
1938
01:45:22,150 --> 01:45:24,653
And my parents said,
"Well, it won't be long."
1939
01:45:24,820 --> 01:45:26,655
And you know,
"We'll come back again."
1940
01:45:26,822 --> 01:45:30,325
The people, even in '38,
didn't believe
1941
01:45:30,492 --> 01:45:33,995
that Hitler will be able to stay
in power for very long.
1942
01:45:35,664 --> 01:45:37,833
Narrator: Eva's father
would finally manage
1943
01:45:37,999 --> 01:45:39,918
to get his family
to the Netherlands
1944
01:45:40,085 --> 01:45:42,671
and launch a new business there.
1945
01:45:42,838 --> 01:45:45,131
He was one of the lucky ones.
1946
01:45:45,298 --> 01:45:49,344
The Nazis stepped up their
discriminatory decrees.
1947
01:45:49,511 --> 01:45:51,888
Throughout the
newly-expanded Reich,
1948
01:45:52,055 --> 01:45:57,102
Jews would soon be required to
register all Jewish-owned businesses
1949
01:45:57,269 --> 01:46:00,188
and all their personal
property from houses
1950
01:46:00,355 --> 01:46:04,442
and art collections down to
their dinnerware and jewelry,
1951
01:46:04,609 --> 01:46:08,655
an obvious prelude to
confiscation.
1952
01:46:08,822 --> 01:46:12,868
Those with first names the Nazis
didn't recognize as Jewish
1953
01:46:13,034 --> 01:46:15,871
were made to adopt
new middle names,
1954
01:46:16,037 --> 01:46:19,583
Israel for men
and Sara for women.
1955
01:46:19,749 --> 01:46:23,169
All Jews holding passports
had to have them stamped
1956
01:46:23,336 --> 01:46:25,839
with the red letter "J."
1957
01:46:26,006 --> 01:46:30,260
Before 1938, would-be emigrants
to the United States
1958
01:46:30,427 --> 01:46:32,929
already had to wait
3 or 4 months
1959
01:46:33,096 --> 01:46:35,765
before they could get
an interview for their visa
1960
01:46:35,932 --> 01:46:37,976
with consulate officials.
1961
01:46:38,143 --> 01:46:42,606
Now the steady stream of frightened
people became a torrent,
1962
01:46:42,772 --> 01:46:46,067
and they faced a wait of
two or three years.
1963
01:46:46,234 --> 01:46:48,612
A'
1964
01:46:48,778 --> 01:46:53,074
Woman as Thompson: It is a fantastic
commentary on the inhumanity of our times
1965
01:46:53,241 --> 01:46:55,702
that for thousands
and thousands of people,
1966
01:46:55,869 --> 01:46:58,288
a piece of paper
with a stamp on it
1967
01:46:58,455 --> 01:47:01,750
is the difference
between life and death,
1968
01:47:01,917 --> 01:47:05,670
and that scores of people
have blown their brains out
1969
01:47:05,837 --> 01:47:08,924
because they could not get it.
1970
01:47:09,090 --> 01:47:10,634
Dorothy Thompson.
1971
01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:13,178
A'
1972
01:47:13,345 --> 01:47:16,473
Narrator: It was now impossible
even for the State Department
1973
01:47:16,640 --> 01:47:20,936
to deny that there was
a growing immigration crisis.
1974
01:47:21,102 --> 01:47:23,104
Alone among world leaders,
1975
01:47:23,271 --> 01:47:27,067
FDR tried to ease it,
at least a little.
1976
01:47:27,233 --> 01:47:30,946
At his cabinet meeting 4 days
after Hitler entered Vienna,
1977
01:47:31,112 --> 01:47:33,406
Roosevelt announced
that he was combining
1978
01:47:33,573 --> 01:47:37,202
the small Austrian quota
with the larger German quota
1979
01:47:37,369 --> 01:47:39,621
in order to give
Austrian refugees
1980
01:47:39,788 --> 01:47:42,791
a better chance
of obtaining visas.
1981
01:47:42,958 --> 01:47:46,878
But when FDR asked his Vice
President John Nance Garner,
1982
01:47:47,045 --> 01:47:49,005
a former Speaker of the House,
1983
01:47:49,172 --> 01:47:52,550
if Congress could now be
persuaded to increase the quota,
1984
01:47:52,717 --> 01:47:54,636
he said no.
1985
01:47:54,803 --> 01:47:58,306
If his former colleagues could
vote in secret, he explained,
1986
01:47:58,473 --> 01:48:02,352
they'd shut down
immigration entirely.
1987
01:48:02,519 --> 01:48:05,647
No one in the room disagreed.
1988
01:48:05,814 --> 01:48:08,984
Snyder: FDR was dealing
with a society
1989
01:48:09,150 --> 01:48:11,403
that he knew to be vulnerable
1990
01:48:11,569 --> 01:48:14,864
to the German antisemitic
propaganda.
1991
01:48:15,031 --> 01:48:20,245
What he had to do
is find ways to save Jews
1992
01:48:20,412 --> 01:48:22,497
without drawing too much
American attention
1993
01:48:22,664 --> 01:48:24,833
to the fact
that he was doing it.
1994
01:48:25,000 --> 01:48:27,752
Lipstadt: Could FDR have
spoken out more strongly?
1995
01:48:27,919 --> 01:48:30,672
Could he have exerted
more influence? Certainly.
1996
01:48:30,839 --> 01:48:35,885
But there was no groundswell
of opinion in the Congress.
1997
01:48:36,052 --> 01:48:37,804
So, when people pin it on him,
1998
01:48:37,971 --> 01:48:39,681
it's assuming that he could have
1999
01:48:39,848 --> 01:48:41,599
just turned everything around.
2000
01:48:41,766 --> 01:48:44,602
And "B," it's forgetting
the public opinion
2001
01:48:44,769 --> 01:48:49,315
was strongly opposed to
immigration in general,
2002
01:48:49,482 --> 01:48:51,735
refugees in particular,
2003
01:48:51,901 --> 01:48:54,112
penniless refugees even more so,
2004
01:48:54,279 --> 01:48:56,239
and Jewish refugees
all the more.
2005
01:48:56,406 --> 01:48:59,534
It's on a lot of people.
It's on everyone.
2006
01:49:01,286 --> 01:49:04,122
Greene: In 1938,
Americans are asked
2007
01:49:04,289 --> 01:49:06,416
whether they think the
persecution of Jews in Germany
2008
01:49:06,583 --> 01:49:09,169
has been Jews' own fault.
2009
01:49:09,335 --> 01:49:14,049
And two-thirds of Americans
say partly or entirely.
2010
01:49:14,215 --> 01:49:17,302
Something bad is happening
to the Jews abroad
2011
01:49:17,469 --> 01:49:20,430
and an inclination of a lot of
Americans is to blame the Jews.
2012
01:49:20,597 --> 01:49:22,640
A'
2013
01:49:22,807 --> 01:49:26,186
Narrator: Roosevelt called for
a conference in Evian, France,
2014
01:49:26,352 --> 01:49:30,398
for the international community
to discuss a collective solution
2015
01:49:30,565 --> 01:49:32,817
to the problem of
"political refugees"
2016
01:49:32,984 --> 01:49:34,861
seeking to flee Hitler.
2017
01:49:35,028 --> 01:49:40,241
He was careful not to say that
most of those in flight were Jews.
2018
01:49:40,408 --> 01:49:42,035
A'
2019
01:49:42,202 --> 01:49:44,913
Erbelding: There is a sense
in the U.S. Government
2020
01:49:45,080 --> 01:49:47,916
that antisemitism is
so strong in America
2021
01:49:48,083 --> 01:49:49,918
that they don't want
people to think that,
2022
01:49:50,085 --> 01:49:51,961
or even get the hint,
2023
01:49:52,128 --> 01:49:54,005
that the United States
might be going to do
2024
01:49:54,172 --> 01:49:57,550
anything particular for
the Jews, to rescue the Jews.
2025
01:49:57,717 --> 01:50:00,220
Narrator: Since the U.S.
Congress was not willing
2026
01:50:00,386 --> 01:50:02,764
to alter America's quota system,
2027
01:50:02,931 --> 01:50:05,642
Roosevelt would not ask
any other country
2028
01:50:05,809 --> 01:50:09,479
to change its own laws
to take in more immigrants,
2029
01:50:09,646 --> 01:50:12,148
though it was his hope
that other countries
2030
01:50:12,315 --> 01:50:16,444
might volunteer to do so
at the upcoming conference.
2031
01:50:18,071 --> 01:50:22,575
In July, representatives of
32 countries met for a week
2032
01:50:22,742 --> 01:50:27,622
and managed only to form an
Intergovernmental Committee for Refugees
2033
01:50:27,789 --> 01:50:32,252
without any funds
or power to assist them.
2034
01:50:32,418 --> 01:50:35,296
Representatives of all
32 nations at that conference
2035
01:50:35,463 --> 01:50:38,383
stand up and say,
"This is a horrible problem.
2036
01:50:38,550 --> 01:50:41,177
Let us tell you why we can't
let in refugees now."
2037
01:50:41,344 --> 01:50:44,139
Narrator: The French delegate
claimed France had reached
2038
01:50:44,305 --> 01:50:48,685
"the extreme point of saturation
as regards refugees."
2039
01:50:48,852 --> 01:50:52,230
4 Central American
countries jointly said
2040
01:50:52,397 --> 01:50:55,859
they had no need for merchants
and intellectuals,
2041
01:50:56,025 --> 01:50:58,278
by which they meant Jews.
2042
01:50:58,444 --> 01:51:03,283
The Australian spokesman said, "As
we have no real racial problem,
2043
01:51:03,449 --> 01:51:06,828
we are not desirous
of importing one."
2044
01:51:06,995 --> 01:51:09,247
Great Britain
refused to increase
2045
01:51:09,414 --> 01:51:11,082
and then sharply limited
2046
01:51:11,249 --> 01:51:14,294
the number of Jews
allowed into Palestine,
2047
01:51:14,460 --> 01:51:17,505
the Middle Eastern territory
they controlled.
2048
01:51:19,007 --> 01:51:22,510
Representatives of Jewish
organizations were present,
2049
01:51:22,677 --> 01:51:24,470
but only as observers.
2050
01:51:24,637 --> 01:51:27,015
A young Golda Meir
remembered her
2051
01:51:27,182 --> 01:51:30,518
"sorrow, rage,
frustration, and horror"
2052
01:51:30,685 --> 01:51:33,188
at not being allowed to speak.
2053
01:51:34,772 --> 01:51:37,192
So, what you have is a week's
worth of nations
2054
01:51:37,358 --> 01:51:39,569
standing up one
after the other saying,
2055
01:51:39,736 --> 01:51:41,362
"This is terrible,
but we don't want any.
2056
01:51:41,529 --> 01:51:43,072
This is awful,
but we don't want any."
2057
01:51:43,239 --> 01:51:44,824
At which point, the Germans say,
2058
01:51:44,991 --> 01:51:48,244
"You don't want the Jews
any more than we do."
2059
01:51:48,411 --> 01:51:52,790
Narrator: Chaim Weizmann, the president
of the World Zionist Organization,
2060
01:51:52,957 --> 01:51:56,920
dedicated to creating a Jewish
state in Palestine, said
2061
01:51:57,086 --> 01:52:01,841
the globe was now "divided into
places where Jews cannot live
2062
01:52:02,008 --> 01:52:05,261
and places into which
they cannot enter."
2063
01:52:05,428 --> 01:52:10,141
A'
2064
01:52:10,308 --> 01:52:12,286
Film announcer: Today the wings
of the German air fleet
2065
01:52:12,310 --> 01:52:14,729
cast a threatening shadow
across central Europe.
2066
01:52:14,896 --> 01:52:17,190
From the sky and from the
highway comes the rumble
2067
01:52:17,357 --> 01:52:20,568
of the dictator's creed,
"Might makes right."
2068
01:52:20,735 --> 01:52:24,781
A'
2069
01:52:24,948 --> 01:52:27,158
Caught between
the pan-German pincers
2070
01:52:27,325 --> 01:52:32,413
is little Czechoslovakia,
a republic of 15 million souls.
2071
01:52:32,580 --> 01:52:34,916
Narrator: In the late
summer of 1938,
2072
01:52:35,083 --> 01:52:38,586
Adolf Hitler claimed the right
to seize the Sudetenland,
2073
01:52:38,753 --> 01:52:42,257
the German-speaking region
of Czechoslovakia.
2074
01:52:42,423 --> 01:52:44,777
Newscaster: And as the tension
rises almost to breaking point,
2075
01:52:44,801 --> 01:52:46,636
might is answered with might,
2076
01:52:46,803 --> 01:52:48,680
Czechoslovakia mobilizes.
2077
01:52:48,846 --> 01:52:50,932
Narrator: France and
the Soviet Union had signed
2078
01:52:51,099 --> 01:52:54,686
a mutual defense pact
with the Czechs.
2079
01:52:54,852 --> 01:52:57,188
Britain mobilized.
2080
01:52:57,355 --> 01:53:00,275
But in the end,
no country proved willing
2081
01:53:00,441 --> 01:53:03,111
to come to the defense
of Czechoslovakia.
2082
01:53:04,570 --> 01:53:08,783
Instead, at a September 30th
meeting with Hitler in Munich,
2083
01:53:08,950 --> 01:53:11,411
the British prime minister,
Neville Chamberlain,
2084
01:53:11,577 --> 01:53:14,330
and the French premier,
Edouard Daladier,
2085
01:53:14,497 --> 01:53:18,876
told the Czechs they had no choice
but to give up their territory,
2086
01:53:19,043 --> 01:53:21,629
in exchange for
a pledge by Hitler
2087
01:53:21,796 --> 01:53:25,174
that he would make no further
territorial demands.
2088
01:53:25,341 --> 01:53:29,470
A'
2089
01:53:29,637 --> 01:53:34,142
Nazi Germany had become the
most powerful nation in Europe.
2090
01:53:35,601 --> 01:53:39,272
But it also faced a new problem.
2091
01:53:39,439 --> 01:53:41,774
Hayes: There's a fundamental
contradiction
2092
01:53:41,941 --> 01:53:44,986
between the two central
teachings of Nazi ideology.
2093
01:53:45,153 --> 01:53:49,991
The first central teaching is
that the Jews have to be removed
2094
01:53:50,158 --> 01:53:52,869
because they are corrupting
and endanger the state.
2095
01:53:54,329 --> 01:53:55,955
But the second
central teaching is
2096
01:53:56,122 --> 01:53:58,499
for Germany to be a great power,
it must get living space.
2097
01:53:58,666 --> 01:54:00,877
It must expand
into enough territory
2098
01:54:01,044 --> 01:54:04,172
that will give it food production
to sustain its population
2099
01:54:04,339 --> 01:54:07,884
and the natural resources
that will sustain its power.
2100
01:54:08,051 --> 01:54:10,053
Well, in Europe of the 1930s,
2101
01:54:10,219 --> 01:54:13,097
these two principles worked
fundamentally against each other,
2102
01:54:13,264 --> 01:54:16,351
because where the Nazis
wanted the living space
2103
01:54:16,517 --> 01:54:19,896
was exactly the spot on the
globe with the highest density
2104
01:54:20,063 --> 01:54:21,397
of Jewish population...
2105
01:54:21,564 --> 01:54:24,359
Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania.
2106
01:54:24,525 --> 01:54:27,278
And so, the Nazis discovered
in the course of the 1930s
2107
01:54:27,445 --> 01:54:31,199
as they drove about 69%
of the Jews out of Germany,
2108
01:54:31,366 --> 01:54:33,368
that they also
then expanded into Austria
2109
01:54:33,534 --> 01:54:35,995
and the Sudetenland
and Czechoslovakia.
2110
01:54:36,162 --> 01:54:37,830
And with each of those steps,
2111
01:54:37,997 --> 01:54:41,084
they began to acquire more Jews
that almost canceled out
2112
01:54:41,250 --> 01:54:44,045
all of the numbers that
they had driven out to date.
2113
01:54:47,048 --> 01:54:48,508
[Pounding on door]
2114
01:54:48,674 --> 01:54:50,194
Messinger: It was the middle
of the night,
2115
01:54:50,218 --> 01:54:52,720
and there was
a pounding on the door.
2116
01:54:52,887 --> 01:54:54,305
My father opened the door,
2117
01:54:54,472 --> 01:54:57,100
and sure enough, these
two policemen were there.
2118
01:54:57,266 --> 01:54:59,060
And they said to my father,
2119
01:54:59,227 --> 01:55:00,853
"Get dressed.
You're coming with us."
2120
01:55:01,020 --> 01:55:03,272
My mother was holding me.
2121
01:55:03,439 --> 01:55:05,691
And I started to cry.
2122
01:55:05,858 --> 01:55:09,946
And one of the policemen
said to my mother,
2123
01:55:10,113 --> 01:55:12,698
"Shut the kid up
or I'll kill him."
2124
01:55:12,865 --> 01:55:16,411
And they took my father away.
2125
01:55:16,577 --> 01:55:19,789
The next morning, we went down
to the police station.
2126
01:55:19,956 --> 01:55:22,458
My mother wanted to find out
what happened to my father.
2127
01:55:22,625 --> 01:55:24,585
When we got to
the police station,
2128
01:55:24,752 --> 01:55:28,840
there were about 100 or 150 other
Jewish women standing there.
2129
01:55:30,425 --> 01:55:32,260
And it became clear to my mother
2130
01:55:32,427 --> 01:55:37,265
that they had taken all
Jewish men of Polish origin
2131
01:55:37,432 --> 01:55:39,642
and shipped them back to Poland.
2132
01:55:41,144 --> 01:55:45,106
Narrator: It was the first mass
deportation of Jews from Germany.
2133
01:55:45,273 --> 01:55:49,277
17,000 Polish Jews
were declared stateless,
2134
01:55:49,444 --> 01:55:51,404
stripped of their possessions,
2135
01:55:51,571 --> 01:55:55,283
and driven across
the border into Poland.
2136
01:55:55,450 --> 01:55:57,702
Snyder: In Eastern Europe,
there was a saying that,
2137
01:55:57,869 --> 01:56:02,707
"What holds the body and the
soul together is a passport."
2138
01:56:02,874 --> 01:56:05,626
What's meant
is that documentation,
2139
01:56:05,793 --> 01:56:08,588
the idea that you're
somebody's citizen,
2140
01:56:08,754 --> 01:56:11,215
that there's a state somewhere
looking after you
2141
01:56:11,382 --> 01:56:16,888
is fundamental to your ability
to survive in the modern world.
2142
01:56:17,054 --> 01:56:20,808
A'
2143
01:56:20,975 --> 01:56:24,103
Man: It is not, after all,
a crime to be Jewish.
2144
01:56:24,270 --> 01:56:27,857
Lam not a dog.
I have a right to live.
2145
01:56:28,024 --> 01:56:31,444
My people have a right
to exist on this earth.
2146
01:56:33,029 --> 01:56:36,741
And yet everywhere, they are
hunted down like animals.
2147
01:56:36,908 --> 01:56:38,618
Herschel Grynszpan.
2148
01:56:38,784 --> 01:56:40,786
A'
2149
01:56:40,953 --> 01:56:44,707
Narrator: In the fall of
1938, Herschel Grynszpan,
2150
01:56:44,874 --> 01:56:48,669
a 17-year-old living in Paris,
learned that his family,
2151
01:56:48,836 --> 01:56:50,838
like Sol Messinger's father,
2152
01:56:51,005 --> 01:56:54,467
had been among those deported
from Germany to Poland.
2153
01:56:54,634 --> 01:56:56,594
Herschel's sister wrote to him
2154
01:56:56,761 --> 01:57:00,348
from a squalid refugee camp
begging for help.
2155
01:57:00,515 --> 01:57:02,892
He could provide none.
2156
01:57:03,059 --> 01:57:06,646
He had no papers and no ability
to earn a living,
2157
01:57:06,812 --> 01:57:10,691
just one more person without
a country on a continent
2158
01:57:10,858 --> 01:57:14,737
increasingly haunted by those
who had nowhere to go.
2159
01:57:16,697 --> 01:57:20,952
In Paris on November 7th,
Grynszpan bought a pistol,
2160
01:57:21,118 --> 01:57:22,828
entered the German embassy,
2161
01:57:22,995 --> 01:57:25,540
and asked to see the ambassador.
2162
01:57:25,706 --> 01:57:29,293
In his pocket was a postcard
addressed to his parents.
2163
01:57:29,460 --> 01:57:33,297
He asked God to forgive him
for what he was about to do.
2164
01:57:33,464 --> 01:57:35,550
"L must protest," he wrote,
2165
01:57:35,716 --> 01:57:39,804
"so that the whole
world hears my protest."
2166
01:57:39,971 --> 01:57:42,723
Ushered into the office
of a junior German official
2167
01:57:42,890 --> 01:57:44,850
named Ernst Vom Rath,
2168
01:57:45,017 --> 01:57:47,270
Grynszpan pulled out his pistol,
2169
01:57:47,436 --> 01:57:49,522
shouted that he was
acting in the name
2170
01:57:49,689 --> 01:57:52,233
of all Jews deported
from Germany,
2171
01:57:52,400 --> 01:57:57,363
and fired 5 times, hitting
his target in the stomach.
2172
01:57:57,530 --> 01:58:01,325
Rath would die two days later
on November 9th.
2173
01:58:03,869 --> 01:58:08,291
Grynszpan was arrested
and disappeared.
2174
01:58:08,457 --> 01:58:10,710
[Drumming]
2175
01:58:10,876 --> 01:58:14,714
Nazi leaders saw
a golden opportunity.
2176
01:58:14,880 --> 01:58:17,425
Goebbels instructed
the German press
2177
01:58:17,592 --> 01:58:19,427
to denounce the assassination
2178
01:58:19,594 --> 01:58:22,555
as a deliberate
attack by "world Jewry"
2179
01:58:22,722 --> 01:58:24,682
that would result
in what he called
2180
01:58:24,849 --> 01:58:28,019
the "heaviest consequences"
for German Jews.
2181
01:58:29,437 --> 01:58:32,064
Hitler ordered up
a massive, coordinated,
2182
01:58:32,231 --> 01:58:36,193
physical assault on Jews
in hundreds of communities
2183
01:58:36,360 --> 01:58:39,238
aimed at forcing
as many of them as possible
2184
01:58:39,405 --> 01:58:41,782
to flee their country.
2185
01:58:41,949 --> 01:58:45,536
It was staged as a
spontaneous uprising,
2186
01:58:45,703 --> 01:58:48,831
so some Stormtroopers
and members of the Gestapo
2187
01:58:48,998 --> 01:58:52,793
wore civilian clothes as
they attacked Jewish homes,
2188
01:58:52,960 --> 01:58:56,005
shops, synagogues, cemeteries,
2189
01:58:56,172 --> 01:58:59,091
and any Jews they happened upon.
2190
01:58:59,258 --> 01:59:00,885
[Distant shouts]
2191
01:59:04,055 --> 01:59:08,059
Schoolchildren were
encouraged to join in.
2192
01:59:08,225 --> 01:59:12,980
Firemen stood by and allowed
Jewish properties to burn.
2193
01:59:13,147 --> 01:59:16,484
The police protected
only shops and homes
2194
01:59:16,651 --> 01:59:19,153
owned by so-called Aryans.
2195
01:59:19,320 --> 01:59:21,238
[Glass shatters]
2196
01:59:21,405 --> 01:59:25,284
It would be remembered as
the Night of Broken Glass...
2197
01:59:25,451 --> 01:59:26,786
Kristallnacht.
2198
01:59:26,952 --> 01:59:29,372
A'
2199
01:59:29,538 --> 01:59:31,040
Susan Hilsenrath:
I was 9 years old,
2200
01:59:31,207 --> 01:59:35,252
and my brother and I were
sleeping in our bedroom.
2201
01:59:35,419 --> 01:59:38,047
Maybe it was around 11:00.
2202
01:59:38,214 --> 01:59:43,052
And all of a sudden
some bricks and rocks
2203
01:59:43,219 --> 01:59:46,055
were being thrown
through our window.
2204
01:59:46,222 --> 01:59:47,682
And I was really scared,
2205
01:59:47,848 --> 01:59:50,017
and I covered myself up
with a blanket.
2206
01:59:50,184 --> 01:59:52,812
And my brother, who was
a year younger than I am,
2207
01:59:52,978 --> 01:59:56,315
went to the window,
and he pulled himself up,
2208
01:59:56,482 --> 01:59:58,234
and he looked outside
and he said,
2209
01:59:58,401 --> 02:00:02,113
"Suzie, it is our neighbors
that are throwing
2210
02:00:02,279 --> 02:00:04,573
the bricks and rocks
through the window."
2211
02:00:04,740 --> 02:00:07,284
Then we were in
our parents' bedroom,
2212
02:00:07,451 --> 02:00:11,914
and we were all huddled together
trying to decide what to do.
2213
02:00:12,081 --> 02:00:14,208
Then they were carrying
this lamp post,
2214
02:00:14,375 --> 02:00:17,169
and they smashed it
through our front door
2215
02:00:17,336 --> 02:00:20,756
which was made out of glass.
2216
02:00:20,923 --> 02:00:23,843
Narrator: In Berlin,
6-year-old Sol Messinger,
2217
02:00:24,009 --> 02:00:27,054
anxious about his
absent father in Poland,
2218
02:00:27,221 --> 02:00:30,433
huddled together with his mother
in their apartment.
2219
02:00:30,599 --> 02:00:34,895
Messinger: I saw that the
synagogue had been burned.
2220
02:00:35,062 --> 02:00:39,692
When I talk about it, I sort
of can smell the smoke.
2221
02:00:39,859 --> 02:00:42,903
This was the synagogue
in which we had prayed,
2222
02:00:43,070 --> 02:00:46,699
where my father
used to take me on Shabbat,
2223
02:00:46,866 --> 02:00:52,246
and... and there it was
smoldering.
2224
02:00:52,413 --> 02:00:56,584
Narrator: The Germans
destroyed 1,400 synagogues
2225
02:00:56,751 --> 02:00:59,336
and other Jewish
religious sites,
2226
02:00:59,503 --> 02:01:04,425
wrecked and looted some
7,500 Jewish-owned businesses,
2227
02:01:04,592 --> 02:01:06,969
murdered at least 91 people,
2228
02:01:07,136 --> 02:01:10,681
and drove another 300
to kill themselves.
2229
02:01:10,848 --> 02:01:14,977
Many more were beaten,
raped, humiliated.
2230
02:01:15,144 --> 02:01:16,687
A'
2231
02:01:16,854 --> 02:01:20,274
Susan Hilsenrath: I saw
the rabbi on his veranda.
2232
02:01:20,441 --> 02:01:23,611
And two SS men, I guess
that's what they were,
2233
02:01:23,778 --> 02:01:26,322
they were holding
him by the arms.
2234
02:01:26,489 --> 02:01:30,159
And another one came along
and cut off his beard.
2235
02:01:30,326 --> 02:01:33,120
And that was a very shocking
thing to me at the time
2236
02:01:33,287 --> 02:01:37,625
because it was a symbol
that he was the rabbi.
2237
02:01:37,792 --> 02:01:40,544
And it was very shocking
that anybody could do
2238
02:01:40,711 --> 02:01:43,839
such a thing to
the rabbi of our town.
2239
02:01:44,006 --> 02:01:46,592
My father had saved some money.
2240
02:01:46,759 --> 02:01:48,344
He had saved it
under the mattress
2241
02:01:48,511 --> 02:01:50,179
because at that time
2242
02:01:50,346 --> 02:01:52,386
Jewish people couldn't keep
their money in the bank.
2243
02:01:52,515 --> 02:01:54,809
So he gave me the money
and he told me to put it
2244
02:01:54,975 --> 02:01:57,978
in my underwear,
in my underpants.
2245
02:01:58,145 --> 02:02:00,481
So he figured that if
anything should happen,
2246
02:02:00,648 --> 02:02:02,983
they're not going to look in
the little girl's underwear
2247
02:02:03,150 --> 02:02:05,861
to see if there was any money.
2248
02:02:06,028 --> 02:02:09,323
Narrator: The Nazis rounded up
some 30,000 Jewish men
2249
02:02:09,490 --> 02:02:10,866
all across Germany
2250
02:02:11,033 --> 02:02:13,202
and marched them through
jeering crowds
2251
02:02:13,369 --> 02:02:16,872
to trucks and buses that
carried them to Dachau
2252
02:02:17,039 --> 02:02:19,834
and to newly-constructed
concentration camps
2253
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:23,295
at Sachsenhausen and Buchenwald.
2254
02:02:23,462 --> 02:02:27,299
There, they were crowded
together, beaten, starved,
2255
02:02:27,466 --> 02:02:29,844
and allowed out only
if they signed over
2256
02:02:30,010 --> 02:02:32,012
all their property to the state
2257
02:02:32,179 --> 02:02:34,890
and agreed to leave the country.
2258
02:02:35,057 --> 02:02:39,270
A'
2259
02:02:39,436 --> 02:02:41,856
Susan Hilsenrath: Before
the Night of the Broken Glass,
2260
02:02:42,022 --> 02:02:45,776
my father wanted
to stay in Germany,
2261
02:02:45,943 --> 02:02:50,781
but my mother was always wanting
to come to the United States
2262
02:02:50,948 --> 02:02:53,200
because she had heard such
wonderful things
2263
02:02:53,367 --> 02:02:55,536
about the United States.
2264
02:02:55,703 --> 02:02:57,955
But after the Night of
the Broken Glass,
2265
02:02:58,122 --> 02:03:00,374
both of them wanted to get out,
2266
02:03:00,541 --> 02:03:05,045
and I think all of the Jews in
Germany wanted to get out.
2267
02:03:06,589 --> 02:03:12,344
It was the primary goal was
to get to the United States,
2268
02:03:12,511 --> 02:03:15,055
represented by
the Statue of Liberty.
2269
02:03:15,222 --> 02:03:18,475
As a child, I heard
about the Statue of Liberty.
2270
02:03:18,642 --> 02:03:21,604
I heard what it stands for.
2271
02:03:21,770 --> 02:03:24,148
It was the goal.
2272
02:03:24,315 --> 02:03:26,275
A'
2273
02:03:31,947 --> 02:03:35,284
Man as Frank: What can one say
in times like these?
2274
02:03:35,451 --> 02:03:38,078
We have to be grateful
for what we still have
2275
02:03:38,245 --> 02:03:40,789
and not give up hope.
2276
02:03:40,956 --> 02:03:43,292
It is miserably cold here, too,
2277
02:03:43,459 --> 02:03:45,085
and we think constantly of those
2278
02:03:45,252 --> 02:03:49,590
who, unlike ourselves,
have no warm place to stay.
2279
02:03:50,966 --> 02:03:52,217
Otto Frank.
2280
02:03:52,384 --> 02:03:54,428
A'
2281
02:03:54,595 --> 02:03:57,598
Narrator: Otto and Edith Frank
had been living comfortably
2282
02:03:57,765 --> 02:04:00,851
in Amsterdam for
over 4 years now.
2283
02:04:01,018 --> 02:04:03,520
He had established
a successful business.
2284
02:04:03,687 --> 02:04:07,149
Their eldest daughter Margot
was doing well in school.
2285
02:04:07,316 --> 02:04:10,527
So was her younger
sister Annelies.
2286
02:04:10,694 --> 02:04:13,781
A'
2287
02:04:13,948 --> 02:04:15,824
But after Kristallnacht,
2288
02:04:15,991 --> 02:04:18,243
a flood of new Jewish refugees
2289
02:04:18,410 --> 02:04:20,245
poured across the German border,
2290
02:04:20,412 --> 02:04:22,623
bringing with them
horror stories
2291
02:04:22,790 --> 02:04:24,124
of what they'd been through.
2292
02:04:24,291 --> 02:04:26,794
A'
2293
02:04:26,961 --> 02:04:31,632
Seeking to put still more distance
between his family and the Nazis,
2294
02:04:31,799 --> 02:04:36,053
Otto Frank traveled to the
U.S. consulate in Rotterdam
2295
02:04:36,220 --> 02:04:38,973
and added his name to
the ever-growing list
2296
02:04:39,139 --> 02:04:43,143
of Jews from Greater Germany
and Czechoslovakia
2297
02:04:43,310 --> 02:04:46,981
hoping somehow
to escape to America.
2298
02:04:47,147 --> 02:04:55,147
A'
2299
02:04:55,823 --> 02:05:03,823
A'
2300
02:05:05,791 --> 02:05:13,791
A'
2301
02:05:14,967 --> 02:05:22,967
A'
2302
02:05:24,977 --> 02:05:32,977
A'
2303
02:05:34,987 --> 02:05:40,200
A'
2304
02:05:40,367 --> 02:05:48,367
A'
2305
02:05:50,377 --> 02:05:58,377
A'
2306
02:06:00,387 --> 02:06:08,387
A'
2307
02:06:09,021 --> 02:06:17,021
A'
2308
02:06:19,031 --> 02:06:27,031
A'
2309
02:06:29,041 --> 02:06:37,041
A'
2310
02:06:38,967 --> 02:06:46,967
A'
2311
02:06:48,977 --> 02:06:56,977
A'
2312
02:06:58,987 --> 02:07:06,987
A'
2313
02:07:07,329 --> 02:07:15,329
A'
2314
02:07:17,339 --> 02:07:25,339
A'
2315
02:07:27,349 --> 02:07:33,522
A'
2316
02:07:33,689 --> 02:07:39,820
A'
2317
02:07:42,781 --> 02:07:44,259
Announcer: Funding for
"The U.S. And the Holocaust"
2318
02:07:44,283 --> 02:07:45,683
was provided
by David M. Rubenstein,
2319
02:07:45,784 --> 02:07:46,928
invesfingin
people and institutions
2320
02:07:46,952 --> 02:07:48,370
that help us understand the past
2321
02:07:48,537 --> 02:07:49,955
and look to the future;
2322
02:07:50,122 --> 02:07:51,582
by the Park Foundation;
2323
02:07:51,748 --> 02:07:54,293
the Judy and Peter
Blum Kovler Foundation,
2324
02:07:54,459 --> 02:07:55,878
supporting those who remind us
2325
02:07:56,044 --> 02:07:58,463
about American history
and the Holocaust;
2326
02:07:58,630 --> 02:08:01,466
by Gilbert S. Omenn
and Martha A. Darling;
2327
02:08:01,633 --> 02:08:04,011
by the Arthur Vining Davis
Foundations,
2328
02:08:04,177 --> 02:08:06,263
investing in our common future;
2329
02:08:06,430 --> 02:08:09,182
and by these members of
the Better Angels Society:
2330
02:08:09,349 --> 02:08:11,476
Jeannie and Jonathan Lavine;
2331
02:08:11,643 --> 02:08:12,978
Jan and Rick Cohen;
2332
02:08:13,145 --> 02:08:14,813
Allan and Shelley Holt;
2333
02:08:14,980 --> 02:08:16,690
the Koret Foundation;
2334
02:08:16,857 --> 02:08:18,859
David and Susan Kreisman;
2335
02:08:19,026 --> 02:08:21,445
Jo Carole and Ronald S. Lauder;
2336
02:08:21,612 --> 02:08:23,947
the Fullerton Family
Charitable Fund;
2337
02:08:24,114 --> 02:08:25,866
the Blavatnik Family Foundation;
2338
02:08:26,033 --> 02:08:27,868
the Crown Family Philanthropies,
2339
02:08:28,035 --> 02:08:30,579
honoring members of
the Crown and Goodman families;
2340
02:08:30,746 --> 02:08:32,748
and by these additional members.
2341
02:08:35,375 --> 02:08:37,544
By the Corporation
for Public Broadcasting
2342
02:08:37,711 --> 02:08:40,380
and by viewers like you.
2343
02:08:40,547 --> 02:08:42,716
Corporate funding for
"The U.S. and the Holocaust"
2344
02:08:42,883 --> 02:08:45,218
was provided by Bank of America.